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College Algebra
Eighth Edition
Chapter 2
Functions and
Graphs
Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 1
Section 2.1 Basics of Functions
and Their Graphs
Objectives
1. Find the domain and range of a relation.
2. Determine whether a relation is a function.
3. Determine whether an equation represents a function.
4. Evaluate a function.
5. Graph functions by plotting points.
6. Use the vertical line test to identify functions.
7. Obtain information about a function from its graph.
8. Identify the domain and range of a function from its graph.
9. Identify intercepts from a function’s graph.
Definition of a Relation
A relation is any set of ordered pairs. The set of all
first components of the ordered pairs is called the
domain of the relation and the set of all second
components is called the range of the relation.
Example 1: Finding the Domain and
Range of a Relation
Find the domain and range of the relation:
(0, 187), (1, 212), (2, 225), (3, 238).
Solution:
domain: {0, 1, 2, 3}
range: {187, 212, 225, 238}
Definition of a Function
A function is a correspondence from a first set,
called the domain, to a second set, called the
range, such that each element in the domain
corresponds to exactly one element in the range.
Example 2b: Determining Whether a
Relation is a Function
Determine whether the relation is a function:
{(1, 2), (3, 4), (6, 5), (8, 5)}
Solution:
Every element of the domain corresponds to
exactly one element in the range. No two ordered
pairs in the given relation have the same first
component and different second components.
Thus, the relation is a function.
Functions as Equations
If an equation is solved for y and more than one
value of y can be obtained for a given x, then the
equation does not define y as a function of x.
Example 3b: Determining Whether an
Equation Represents a Function
Determine whether the equation defines y as a function of x.
x  y 1
2 2
Solution:
y2  1  x2
y   1  x2
The  shows that for certain values of x, there are two

values of y. For this reason, the equation does not define y
as a function of x.
Function Notation
The special notation f ( x ), read “f of x” or “f at x”,
represents the value of the function at the
number x.
Example 4a: Evaluating a Function
If f ( x)  x 2  2 x  7, evaluate f (5).
Solution:
f ( x)  x 2  2 x  7
f (5)  (5) 2  2(5)  7
 25  10  7  42
Thus, f (5)  42.
Graphs of Functions
The graph of a function is the graph of its
ordered pairs.
Example 5: Graphing Functions (1 of 2)
Graph the functions f ( x)  2 x and g ( x)  2 x  3
in the same rectangular coordinate system. Select
integers for x, starting with 2 and ending with 2.
How is the graph of g related to the graph of f ?
Example 5: Graphing Functions (2 of 2)
Solution: We set up a partial table of coordinates for each
function. We then plot the points and connect them.
f ( x)  2 x g ( x)  2 x  3
The graph of g is the graph of f shifted down 3 units.

The Vertical Line Test for Functions
If any vertical line intersects a graph in more than
one point, the graph does not define y as a
function of x.
Example 6: Using the Vertical Line Test
Use the vertical line test to identify graphs in which
y is a function of x.
function not a function

Example 7: Analyzing the Graph of a
Function
Use the graph to find f (5). f (5)  400
For what value of x is f ( x)  100? f (9)  100, so x  9.
Identifying Domain and Range from a
Function’s Graph
To find the domain of a function from its graph,
look for all the inputs on the x-axis that correspond
to points on the graph.
To find the range of a function from its graph,

look for all the outputs on the y-axis that
correspond to points on the graph.
Example 8a: Identifying the Domain and
Range of a Function from Its Graph
Use the graph of the function to identify its domain and its
range.
Solution:
Domain:
x 2  x  1.
[2, 1]
Range:
 y 0  y  3
[0, 3]
Example 8b: Identifying the Domain and
Range of a Function from Its Graph
Use the graph of the function to identify its domain and its
range.
Solution:
Domain:
x 2  x  1.
(2, 1]
Range:
 y 1  y  2.
[1, 2)
Identifying Intercepts from a Function’s
Graph
To find the x-intercepts, look for the points at
which the graph crosses the x-axis.
To find the y-intercept, look for the point at which

the graph crosses the y-axis.
A function can have more than one x-intercept

but at most one y-intercept.
Example: Identifying Intercepts from a
Function’s Graph
Identify the x- and y-intercepts for the graph of f ( x).
Solution: The graph passes through

(3, 0), ( 1, 0) and (2, 0).
The x-intercepts are
3,  1, and 2.
The graph passes through

(0, 6).
The y-intercept is 6.

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College Algebra

range: {187, 212, 225, 238}

The  shows that for certain values of x, there are two

Thus, f (5)  42.

The graph of g is the graph of f shifted down 3 units.

function not a function

To find the range of a function from its graph,

To find the y-intercept, look for the point at which

A function can have more than one x-intercept

Solution: The graph passes through

The graph passes through

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