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Lecture 3

1) A digital image can be modeled as a 2D light intensity function f(x,y) where the value at each point represents brightness. 2) Digitization involves sampling the image spatially and quantizing brightness levels, reducing the data through coding. 3) A digital image is represented as a matrix where each element (pixel) identifies a brightness level using integer values, commonly ranging from 0 to 255 for grayscale images.

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jerkerprince
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7 views

Lecture 3

1) A digital image can be modeled as a 2D light intensity function f(x,y) where the value at each point represents brightness. 2) Digitization involves sampling the image spatially and quantizing brightness levels, reducing the data through coding. 3) A digital image is represented as a matrix where each element (pixel) identifies a brightness level using integer values, commonly ranging from 0 to 255 for grayscale images.

Uploaded by

jerkerprince
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ASET

Lecture 3

1
FUNDAMENTAL STEPS IN DIGITAL IMAGE ASET
COMPONENTS OF A GENERAL PURPOSE
IMAGE PROCESSING SYSTEM ASET
HOW THE IMAGE CAN BE MODELED ASET

Let us take a Digital Image

Columns

Rows
COORDINATE CONVENTION ASET

An Image can be
modeled as
2D Signal

f(x,y)
ASET
• Monochrome image: 2D light intensity function f(x,y), x & y
spatial coordinates
• The value of f at any point (x,y) is proportional to the
brightness of the image at that point.

x
• Digital image: an image f(x,y) that has been discretized
both in spatial coordinates and brightness
ASET

95 102 94 102 95 98 102 99 103 105 110


94 99 94 101 100 98 100 101 101 107 104
97 86 83 97 96 98 104 96 100 102 102
105 91 85 93 89 98 92 95 98 100 102
106 105 99 90 93 96 84 88 93 89 89
98 94 102 99 81 87 86 84 90 91 88
101 104 87 82 90 84 86 87 86 95 102
99 102 90 74 92 101 87 74 77 83 100
92 95 102 100 92 96 110 93 72 71 83
101 87 103 101 105 88 76 94 93 71 69
105 99 105 104 111 101 84 59 78 102 72
Simple Image acquisition model ASET

Light Source
)
i(x,y t light
en
Incid

Ref
lect
ed
r(x ligh
,y) t

Photo detector

DIGITAL IMAGE
DIGITIZATION
Image Model
ASET

Spatial coordinates

f f( (xx,, yy)) ii((x,xy, )yr ()xr,(yx), y )

Incident Reflected
component component
Digitization
ASET

analog-to-digital conversion

Digitization = Sampling + Quantization (+ Coding)


• Sampling
– digitization of temporal or spatial coordinates
• Quantization
– digitization of amplitude or intensity
• Coding
– reduce/minimize the amount of data
Light Sensors ASET

Sample
Sampleand
and
Hold
Hold

Analog
Analogtoto
Digital
Digital

Digital value for the sensor


Pixels ASET

• Pixel – picture element


• Pixels
– Binary pixels – 1 or 0 – Bitmap images
– Planes – the number of color components
– Gray scale images – 1 plane
• Pixel values range from MIN to MAX
• Typically 0 to 255 (but, 12 and 16 bit not uncommon)
– Color images – 3 planes
• Typically Red, Green, Blue (RGB) 8 bits
Digital image representation ASET

• A digital image can be considered as a matrix


– row and column indices identify a point in the
image
– the value of the matrix element identifies the grey
level at that point.
Image Function ASET

black & white (binary) images


• f: I x I  {0,1}
f(i,j) = 0 means one color
f(i,j) = 1 means the other color
• A digital image is:
f(1,1), f(1,2), ...f(1,n)
F= f(2,1), f(2,2), ...f(2,n)

f(m,1),f(m,2), ...f(m,n)
– (i,j) is a picture element or a pixel.
– (i,j) has an intensity of f(i,j).

m x n is the spatial resolution of the image


Image Function ASET

Monochrome (gray-scale) images

• f(i,j) is an integer function such that:


0  f(i,j) W
• [0 , W] is the gray range
... usually [0,255]

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