Mel713 33

Design & Analysis of Combustion System for Diesel
Engines
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Means & Methods to Promote Matured

Combustion….
Care for Occurrence of Heat Addition
• Occurrence of Heat Addition in SI Engine : A Child Care Event.
• Occurrence of Heat Addition in CI Engine: A Teen Care Event.
CI Engine SI Engine
Type of Fuel Vs Combustion Strategy
• Highly volatile with High self Ignition Temperature: Spark

Ignition. Ignition after thorough mixing of air and fuel.
• Less Volatile with low self Ignition Temperature:
Compression Ignition , Almost simultaneous mixing &
Ignition.
Compression Ignition Engines
• Two basic categories of CI engines:

• Indirect-injection Engine – chamber is divided into two
regions and the fuel is injected into the “prechamber”
which is connected to the main chamber via a nozzle, or
one or more orifices.
• Direct-injection Engine – have a single open combustion
chamber into which fuel is injected directly
Types of Cylinders for CI Engines
Glow plug
Orifice
-plate
Direct injection: Direct injection:

quiescent chamber swirl in chamber Indirect injection: turbulent
and swirl pre-chamber
Schematic of a diesel spray & flame with temperatures and
chemistry
Modeling of Events in CI (Teen) Combustion
In-Cylinder Processes
This graph shows the fuel injection flow rate, net heat release rate and
cylinder pressure for a direct injection CI engine.
Start of injection
Start of combustion
End of injection
Four Stages of Combustion in CI Engines
Start of End of
injection injecction
-20 -10 TC 10 20 30
Combustion in CI Engine
The combustion process proceeds by the following stages:
Ignition delay (ab) - fuel is injected directly into the cylinder towards
the end of the compression stroke.
The liquid fuel atomizes into small drops and penetrates into the
combustion chamber.
The fuel vaporizes and mixes with the high-temperature high-
pressure air.
Start of End of
-20 -10 TC 10 20 30
Combustion in CI Engine
Premixed combustion phase (bc) – combustion of the fuel which has

mixed with the air to within the flammability limits (air at high-
temperature and high-pressure) during the ignition delay period
occurs rapidly in a few crank angles.
Start of End of
-20 -10 TC 10 20 30
• Mixing controlled combustion phase (cd) – after premixed
gas consumed, the burning rate is controlled by the rate at
which mixture becomes available for burning.
• The burning rate is controlled primarily by the fuel-air
mixing process.
Start of End of
-20 -10 TC 10 20 30
• Mixing controlled combustion phase (cd) – after premixed
gas consumed, the burning rate is controlled by the rate at
which mixture becomes available for burning.
• The burning rate is controlled primarily by the fuel-air
mixing process.
• Late combustion phase (de) – heat release may proceed at
a lower rate well into the expansion stroke (no additional
fuel injected during this phase).
• Combustion of any unburned liquid fuel and soot is
responsible for this.
Start of End of
-20 -10 TC 10 20 30
Ignition Delay
•Ignition delay is defined as the time (or crank angle interval) from
when the fuel injection starts to the onset of combustion.
•Both physical and chemical processes must take place before a
significant fraction of the fuel chemical energy is released.
•Physical processes are fuel spray atomization, evaporation and
mixing of fuel vapour with cylinder air.
•Good atomization requires high fuel pressure, small injector hole
diameter, optimum fuel viscosity, high cylinder pressure (large
divergence angle).
•Rate of vaporization of the fuel droplets depends on droplet
diameter, velocity, fuel volatility, pressure and temperature of the air.
•Chemical processes: Autoignition phenomenon in premixed fuel-air.
• Complex heterogeneous reactions (reactions occurring on the
liquid fuel drop surface) also occur.
Ignition Delay
•The ignition characteristics of the fuel affect the ignition delay.

•The ignition quality of a fuel is defined by its cetane number CN.
•For low cetane fuels the ignition delay is long and most of the
injected fuel is accumulated in the cylinder before autoignition .
•This leads to rapid combustion.
• Under extreme cases, this produces an audible knocking sound
referred to as “diesel knock”.
Combustion Problems in Diesel Engine
Cetane Number
The cetane number scale is defined by blends of two pure
hydrocarbon reference fuels.
•For high cetane fuels the ignition delay is short and very little fuel is
injected before autoignition,
•The heat release rate is controlled by the rate of fuel injection and
fuel-air mixing – smoother engine operation.
By definition, cetane (n-hexadecane, C16H34) has a value of 100.
In the original procedures -methylnaphtalene (C11H10) with a cetane
number of zero represented the bottom of the scale.
This has since been replaced by heptamethylnonane, (HMN) has a
cetane number of 15, which is a more stable compound.
The higher the CN the better the ignition quality, i.e., shorter ignition
delay.
The cetane number is given by:
CN = (% hexadecane) + 0.15 (% HMN)
Cetane Number versus Octane Number
The octane number and cetane number of a fuel are inversely correlated.
Cetane motor method octane number

Octane-heptane
Alcohol-gasoline
Cetane number
Gasoline is a poor diesel fuel and vice versa.

Hard Ware Design Factors Affecting Ignition Delay Time
•Injection timing – At normal engine conditions the minimum delay

occurs with the start of injection at about 10-15 BTC.
•Earlier or later injection timing results in a lower air temperature
and pressure during the delay period  increase in the ignition delay
time.
•Injection quantity – For a CI engine the air is not throttled so the
load is varied by changing the amount of fuel injected.
•Increasing the load (bmep) increases the residual gas and wall
temperature which results in a higher charge temperature at injection
 decrease in the ignition delay.
•Intake air temperature and pressure – an increase in ether will result
in a decrease in the ignition delay, an increase in the compression
ratio has thesame effect.
Thermodynamic Factors Affecting Ignition Delay
Thermodynamic Factors Affecting Ignition Delay
(gauge)

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Design & Analysis of Combustion System for Diesel

Means & Methods to Promote Matured

• Highly volatile with High self Ignition Temperature: Spark

• Two basic categories of CI engines:

Direct injection: Direct injection:

Premixed combustion phase (bc) – combustion of the fuel which has

•The ignition characteristics of the fuel affect the ignition delay.

Cetane motor method octane number

Gasoline is a poor diesel fuel and vice versa.

•Injection timing – At normal engine conditions the minimum delay

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