ASSOSA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DESIGN PROJECT OF HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

PREPARED BY:

Anduamlak Temesgen----Ru0384/10

Meseret Adino-------------Ru0716/10

Rebuma Aga---------------Ru1141/10

Dereje Alemayehu--------Ru0391/10

Birhan Takele-------------Ru0729/10

Advisor Name – Instructor Jemal

Submission date – 02/06/13

ASSOSA, ETHIOPIA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and for most, we would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to almighty God for his
mentionable and unmentionable, in valuable cores, supports, willingness, kindness and for
providing us health and enable us to complete this project.

we would like to acknowledge the support and encouragement from many individuals
contribute their knowledge and ideas for the accomplishment of this project work, then we
would like to express our great gratitude to our Instructor Jemal, For his great effort and
contribution to help us to did our project by giving different helpful material that we need for
our project and gave us guidelines on the way how to handle this basic and essential project.

Finally we would like to express our great gratitude to our Instructor Dawit for his great
effort and contribution to help us how we do the project by teaching us a course of research
and proposal methodology.
Contents Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. i

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. vii

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of Pressure Vessel.............................................................................................. 1

1.2 Problem statement .................................................................................................................. 2

1.3 Objectives................................................................................................................................. 2

1.3.1 General Objective ................................................................................................................ 2

1.3.2 Specific objectives ................................................................................................................ 2

1.4 Classification of pressure vessel ............................................................................................. 2

1.4.1 According to the dimension thin shell and thick shell ...................................................... 2

1.4.2 According to the end construction...................................................................................... 3

1.4.3 According to the direction of force acting on the walls of the vessel ............................... 3

1.4.4 According to material .......................................................................................................... 3

1.4.5 According to the type of service .......................................................................................... 3

1.4.6 According to geometric shapes ........................................................................................... 3

1.4.7 According to the installation methods................................................................................ 3

1.5 Main Components of Pressure Vessel ................................................................................... 4

1.5.1 Shell ....................................................................................................................................... 4

1.5.2 Head ...................................................................................................................................... 5

1.5.3 Nozzles ................................................................................................................................... 7

1.5.4 Support.................................................................................................................................. 7

1.5.5 Flange .................................................................................................................................... 8

1.5.6 Manhole ................................................................................................................................ 9

1.6 Purpose of Pressure Vessel ..................................................................................................... 9

1.7 Scopes of the Project ............................................................................................................. 10

1.8 Limitation of Pressure Vessel .............................................................................................. 10

LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 11

2.1 Pressure Vessel ...................................................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................... 13

METHODOLOGY AND MATERIAL SELECTION ............................................................ 13

3.1 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 13

3.2 Code Selection ....................................................................................................................... 13

3.3 Material selection .................................................................................................................. 13

3.4 Material Properties ............................................................................................................... 13

3.4.1 Tensile strength .................................................................................................................. 14

3.4.2 Yield strength ..................................................................................................................... 15

3.4.3 Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) ........................................................................................ 15

3.4.4 Rupture Stress .................................................................................................................... 15

3.4.5 Stiffness ............................................................................................................................... 15

3.4.6 Toughness ........................................................................................................................... 15

3.4.7 Hardness ............................................................................................................................. 15

3.4.8 Fatigue ................................................................................................................................. 16

3.4.9 Creep ................................................................................................................................... 16

3.4.10 Effect of temperature on the mechanical properties .................................................... 16

3.4.11 Corrosion resistance ........................................................................................................ 16

3.4.12. Resistance to Hydrogen Attack...................................................................................... 18

3.4.13 Fabric ability .................................................................................................................... 18

3.5. Welding type ......................................................................................................................... 18

3.6. Conclusion of selection of material ..................................................................................... 19

CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 20

DESIGN ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................. 20

4.1 Definition of Design Analysis ............................................................................................... 20

4.1.1 Design Specifications ......................................................................................................... 20

4.2. Determining the length and diameter of the pressure vessel ........................................... 20

4.3 Design of Shell Wall thickness ............................................................................................. 21

4.3.1 Circumferential stress (Longitudinal Joints) .................................................................. 21

4.3.2 Longitudinal Stress (Circumferential Joints) .................................................................. 22

4.4 Review different type of head ............................................................................................. 23

4.4.1 Flanged Head ...................................................................................................................... 24

4.4.2 Calculate Required Head Thickness ................................................................................ 25

4.5 Flange and Gasket design ..................................................................................................... 27

4.5.1 Flange Applied Lode and flange moment ........................................................................ 27

3.5.2 FLANGES STRESS ........................................................................................................... 30

4.6 Design of Nozzle .................................................................................................................... 36

4.6.1 Calculating Wall Thickness Of Nozzle ............................................................................. 36

4.6.2 Reinforcement of Opening ................................................................................................ 36

4.6.3 Support design and check of pressure vessel .................................................................. 38

4.6.3.1 Stresses in response to different loads .......................................................................... 38

4.6.3.2 Stress due to weight of vessel and attachment ............................................................. 38

4.6.3.2 Stress due to weight ........................................................................................................ 39

4.6.3.3 Stress due to wind load ................................................................................................... 39

4.6.3.4 Stress due to seismic load ............................................................................................... 42

4.6.3.5 Stress due to earthquake ................................................................................................ 43

CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................ 45

RESULT AND DISCUSION...................................................................................................... 45

5.1 RESULT................................................................................................................................. 45

5.2. Discussion.............................................................................................................................. 45

CHAPTER SIX ........................................................................................................................... 47

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................ 47

6.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 47

6.2 Recommendation................................................................................................................... 47

REFERENCE .............................................................................................................................. 48

APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 49

APPENDIX A .............................................................................................................................. 49

APPENDIX B .............................................................................................................................. 54
NOMENCLATURES AND ABBREVIATION

T: design temperature, °C

C: corrosion allowance, mm

Di: inside diameter of the vessel, mm

Do: outside diameter of the vessel, mm

RI: inside radius of the vessel, mm

Ro: outside radius of the vessel, mm

S: maximum allowable stress, kg/cmA2

E: Joint efficiency, %

TN: minimum thickness of nozzle, mm

N: Number of bolts

Ba: required area of one bolt, mm

I: width of the base plate, mm

t: minimum required thickness of Corrosion allowance

P: design pressure, Pa

S: maximum allowable design stress, MPa

ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials

ABSTRACT

This project or term paper is given as a partial fulfilment of the course Machine Design
Project. The objective of this project is to develop a simple, time saving, user-friendly and in
house software to support design system for pressure vessel design. Pressure vessels are used
in a wide number of industries, such as the power generation industry, chemical industry and
petrochemical industry. Pressure vessel is a container which carry, store or receive fluids with
a pressure difference between outside and inside. Pressure vessels often have a combination
of high pressure and high temperature or in some cases flammable fluids and highly
radioactive materials. Because of such hazards, it is crucial that the design be such that no
leakage can occur.

A good design of pressure vessels need to be done before manufacturing or purchasing so

that the selected pressure vessels can deliver the task for any industry. The scope of study
was to do literature review of the mechanical design of pressure vessel based on the ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII Division 1. Literature reviews of the equations
involved in designing the pressure vessels and finally develop the support system for the
pressure vessel design using software. The methods used to achieve the objective of this
project are
a) Conducting literature review of the type of pressure vessels, equations for the design of
pressure vessel;
b) Develop the support system for pressure vessel design using the given parameters
This project concluded that the objective of this project is achieved but it is recommended
that the project should be developed further in the future as the possibilities to create the
support system for pressure vessel design are high.
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Pressure Vessel

A pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure deferent
from the ambient pressure. A pressure vessel is container with a pressure deferent between
the inside and outside. The inside pressure is usually higher than the outside .The fluids
inside the vessel may undergo a change in state as in the case of steam boiler or may combine
with the other reagent as in the case of chemical reactor.

Pressure vessel often has combination of high pressure together with high temperature and in
some cases flammable fluids or highly radioactive material. Because of such hazards it is
imperative that the design be such that no linkage can occurs. In addition vessel has to be
design carefully to cope with the operating temperature and pressure. The end caps fitted to
the cylindrical body are called heads.

Pressure vessel are used in a variety of application These include the industry and the private
sector .They appear in this sector respectively as industrial compressed air receivers and
domestic hot water storage tanks. Other example are: diving cylinder recompression
chamber, distillation towers, autoclaves and many other vessel in mining or oil refineries and
petrochemical plants, nuclear reactor vessel, hebetation of a space ship ,habitat of a
submarine, pneumatic reservoir, hydraulic reservoir under pressure, rail vehicle air break
reservoir. Pressure vessels can be theoretically be almost any shape, but shapes made of
sections of spheres, cylinders and cones are usually employed. More complicated shapes have
historically been much harder to analyze for safe operation and are usually for harder to
construct.

In the design of pressure vessel safety is primary consideration, especially for nuclear reactor
vessel, due to the potential impact of possible accident. In generally however, the design is
compromise between consideration of economics and safety. Disadvantage of this vessel is
the fact that larger diameter makes them relatively more expensive and many pressure vessel
are made of steel.

Pressure vessels store energy and as such, have inherent safety risks. Many states began to
enact rule and regulations regarding the construction of steam boilers and pressure vessels
following several catastrophic accidents that occurred at the turn of the twentieth century that
resulted in large Loss of life. By 1911 it was apparent to manufacturers and users of boilers
and pressure vessels that the lack of uniformity in these regulations between states made it
difficult to construct vessels. Pressures, was published in 1914 and formally adopted in the
spring of 1915. The first Code rules for pressure vessels, entitled Rules for the Construction
of Unfired Pressure Vessels, followed in 1925. From this simple beginning the Code has now
evolved into the present eleven Section documents, with multiple subdivisions, parts,
subsections, and Mandatory and non-mandatory almost all pressure vessels used in the
process industry are designed and constructed in their accordance.
1.2 Problem statement
The pressure vessels that not follow any standard codes can be very dangerous. In fact many
fatal accidents have occurred in the history of their operation and development, such as:
defects in materials or incorrect design method, fabrication-Poor quality control, Corrosion
fatigue, Brittle fracture and Service-Change are commonly occurred due to their problems
pressure vessel are tends to failures so, in dealing with these various modes of failure, the de
signer must have at his disposal a picture of the state of stress in the various parts. It is against
these failure modes that the designer must compare and interpret stress values. But setting
allowable stresses is not enough! For elastic instability one must consider geometry, stiffness,
and the properties of the material. Material selection is a major consideration when related to
the type of service. Design details and fabrication methods are as important as “allowable
stress” in design of vessels for cyclic service. The designer and all those persons who
ultimately affect the design must have a clear picture of the conditions under which the vessel
will operate.

1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 General Objective

The main objective of this project is to design a horizontal pressure vessel having a material
of stainless steel.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

Specifically we would like to design each and individual component of pressure vessel such
as:

 Shell of pressure vessel

 Head of pressure vessel
 Nozzle of pressure vessel
 Support of pressure vessel

When we design as much as possible we will try to consider each and individual things in
order to full fill a particular need with in our overall objective. We will also recognize sub
objective requirements of the various units that make up the overall design.

1.4 Classification of pressure vessel

1.4.1 According to the dimension thin shell and thick shell

The pressure vessel, according to their dimension may be classified as thin shell and thick
shell. If the wall thickness of the shell is less than of the diameter of the shell (d), then it is
called thin shell. On the other hand, if the wall thickness of the shell is greater than of the
diameter of the shell is said to be a thick shell. Thin shell is used in boiler, tanks and pipes
whereas thick shell is used in high pressure cylinders, tanks, gun barrels. Another criterion to
classify the pressure vessel as thin shell and thick shell is the internal fluid pressure (P) and
the allowable stress. If the internal fluid pressure is less than of the allowable stress, it is
called thin shell. On the other hand, if the internal fluid pressure is greater than of the
allowable stress, then it is said to be a thick shell.

1.4.2 According to the end construction

The pressure vessel according to the end construction may be classified as open end and
closed end. A simple cylinder with a piston such as cylinder of a press is example of an open
end vessel whereas a tank is an example of a closed end vessel. In case of vessels having
open end, the circumferential or hoop stresses are induced by the fluid pressure whereas in
case of closed ends, longitudinal stresses in addition to circumferential stresses are induced.

Related to this pressure vessel may be classified according to their end head shape

 Flat head
 Convex head
 Convex with a man hole

1.4.3 According to the direction of force acting on the walls of the vessel.

 Those subjected to internal pressure

 Those subjected to external pressure

1.4.4 According to material

 Brittle and
 Ductile

1.4.5 According to the type of service

According to this are divided depending upon the pressure temperature and environment
condition. Choice of the material and design stress will be influenced according to whether
the temperature will also decide the temperature is low or high. The range of temperature will
also decide the basis for design. If the temperature is normal, the elastic state of the material
will be design basis. Whereas it will be creep if the temperature is more than about 360.

1.4.6 According to geometric shapes

 Cylindrical vessels
 Spherical vessels
 Rectangular vessels
 Combined vessels

1.4.7 According to the installation methods

 Horizontal vessels
 Fig 1.1 horizontal pressure vessel

 Vertical vessels

Fig 1.2 vertical pressure vessel

There are three main types of pressure vessels in general

 Horizontal Pressure Vessels

 Vertical Pressure Vessels
 Spherical Pressure vessel

1.5 Main Components of Pressure Vessel

The main component of horizontal pressure vessel are listed as follows

1.5.1 Shell
The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells are
welded together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis. Most pressure vessel
shells are cylindrical, spherical, or conical in shape. The required thickness is generally
controlled by internal pressure, although in same instance applied shell is the hard covering
of the vessel load and external pressure have control. Other factors such as thermal stress and
discontinuities force may also influence the required thickness.

Fig 1.3 spherical shell

1.5.2 Head
All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell section).
Heads are typically curved rather than flat. Curved configurations are stronger and allow the
heads to be thinner, lighter, and less expensive than flat heads. Heads can also be used inside
a vessel.

Fig 1.4 model of head

Head is one of the end caps on a cylindrically shaped pressure vessel. The most common
heads are:

 Elliptical heads - The 2:1 semi elliptical head is the most commonly used head type.
Half of its minor axis (i.e., the inside depth of the head minus the length of straight
flange Section) equals one-fourth of the inside diameter of the head. The thickness of
this type of head is normally equal to the thickness of the cylinder to which it is
attached.
 Fig 1.5 elliptical head

 Hemispherical head is the required thickness of a hemispherical head is normally one-

half the thickness of an elliptical or tori spherical head for the same design conditions,
material and diameter. Hemispherical heads are economical option to consider when
expensive alloy material is used.

Fig 1.6 hemispherical head

 Tori spherical head is a tori spherical (or flanged and dished) head is typically
somewhat flatter than an elliptical head and can be the same thickness as an elliptical
head for identical design condition and diameter. The minimum permitted knuckle
radius of a torispherical is 6% of the maximum inside crown radius.

Fig 1.7 tori spherical head

  Intermediate heads - An intermediate head may be installed inside a pressure vessel to
separate two sections that can have different design conditions. Most head types can
be used as intermediate heads. Intermediate head are evaluated for internal pressure in
the same way as external heads.

1.5.3 Nozzles
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure vessel.
The nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary connections and to permit easy
disassembly for maintenance or access. Nozzles are used for the following applications:
Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel. Attach instrument connections, (e.g., level
gauges, thermo wells, or pressure gauges).
Provide access to the vessel interior at many ways. Provide for direct attachment of other
equipment items, (e.g., a heat exchanger or mixer). Nozzles are also sometimes extended into
the vessel interior for some applications, such as for inlet flow distribution or to permit the
entry of thermo wells.

1.5.4 Support
The type of support that is used depends primarily on the size and orientation of the pressure
vessel. In all cases, the pressure vessel support must be adequate for the applied weight,
wind, and earthquake loads. The design pressure of the vessel is not a consideration in the
design of the support since the support is not pressurized. Temperature may be a
consideration in support design from the standpoint of material selection and provision for
differential thermal expansion.

Typical kinds of supports are as follows:

 Skirt

Tall, vertical, cylindrical pressure vessels are typically supported by skirts. A support skirt is
a cylindrical shell section that is welded either to the lower portion of the vessel shell or to
the bottom head (for cylindrical vessels). Skirts for spherical vessels are welded to the vessel
near the mid-plane of the shell. The skirt is normally long enough to provide enough
flexibility so that radial thermal expansion of the shell does not cause high thermal stresses at
its junction with the skirt.

 Leg

Small vertical drums are typically supported on legs that are welded to the lower portion of
the shell. The maximum ratio of support leg length to drum diameter is typically 2:1. The
number of legs needed depends on the drum size and the loads to be carried. Support legs are
also typically used for spherical pressurized storage vessels. The support legs for small
vertical drums and spherical pressurized storage vessels may be made from structural steel
columns or pipe sections, whichever provides a more efficient design. Cross bracing between
the legs is typically used to help absorb wind or earthquake loads.
  Saddle

Horizontal drums are typically supported at two locations by saddle supports. A saddle
support spreads the weight load over a large area of the shell to prevent an excessive local
stress in the shell at the support points. The width of the saddle, among other design details, is
determined by the specific size and design conditions of the pressure vessel. One saddle
support is normally fixed or anchored to its foundation. The other support is normally free to
permit unrestrained longitudinal thermal expansion of the drum.

Fig 1.8 saddle support

 Lug supports

The use of lug is typically limited to vessels of small to medium diameter (1 to 10ft.) and
moderate height-to-diameter ratios in the range of 2:1 to5:1. The lugs are typically bolted to
horizontal structural members to provide stability against overturning loads; the bolt holes are
often slotted to permit free radial thermal expansion of the drum.

1.5.5 Flange
Flanges are used to connecting pipes and instruments to vessel, for manhole cover, and for
removable vessel heads. Flanges may also been used on the vessel body, when it is necessary
to divide the vessel in to sections for transport or maintenance. Flanges are also used to
connect pipes to other equipments such as pumps and valves. Several types of flanges are
used for various applications. The principal types used in the process industries are

 Welding – neck flange

These types of flanges have a long tapered hub between the flange rings and the welded
joints. This gradual transition of the section reduces the discontinuity stress between the
flange and branches, and increase the strength of the flange assembly. Welding - neck flanges
are suitable for extreme services conditions; where the flange is likely to be subjected to the
temperature, shear and vibration loads. They will normally be specified for the connection
and nozzle on process equipment.

 Slip – on flanges

Slip over the pipes or nozzle and are welded externally and usually also internally. The end of
pipes is set back from 0 to 20 mm. The strength of a slip – on flange is from one-third to two
third that of the corresponding standard welding-neck flanges. Slip-on flanges are easier to
align, but have poor resistance to shock and vibration load. Slip-on flanges are gradually used
for pipe work.

 Lap-joint flanges

They are used for piped work. They are economical when used with expensive alloy pipes,
such as stainless steel, as the flange can be made from inexpensive carbon steel. Usually a
short lapped nozzle is welded to the pipes, but with some schedules of pipes the lap can be
formed on the pipes itself, and this will give a cheap method of pipe assembly. Lap flanges
are sometimes known as van-stone flanges.

 Blind flanges (blanked flanges)

They are flat plates, used to blank off flanges connections, and covers for manhole and
inspection ports.

1.5.6 Manhole
Identical to a nozzle except it not bolted to piping and it has a cover plate (or blind flange),
which is bolted to the flange. When unbolted it allows access to the inside of the vessel.
Manholes are made for vessel diameter greater than 90cm

1.6 Purpose of Pressure Vessel

The purpose of this project is a variety of applications in both industry and the private sector.
They appear in these sectors as industrial compressed air receivers and domestic hot water
storage tanks. Other examples of pressure

vessels are diving cylinders, recompression chambers, distillation towers, pressure reactors,
autoclaves, and many other vessels in mining operations, oil refineries and petrochemical
plants, nuclear reactor vessels, submarine and spaceship habitats, pneumatic reservoirs,
hydraulic reservoirs under pressure, rail vehicle airbrake reservoirs, road vehicle airbrake
reservoirs, and storage vessels for liquefied gases such as ammonia, chlorine, propane,
methane, LPG and so on.
1.7 Scopes of the Project
In sophisticated pressure vessels encountered in engineering construction; high pressure,
extremes of temperature and severity of functional performance requirements pose exciting
design problems. The word "DESIGN" does not mean only the calculation of the detailed
dimensions of a member, but rather is an all-inclusive term, incorporating.

The reasoning that established the most likely mode of damage or failure, the method of
stress analysis employed and significance of results and the selection of materials type and
its environmental behaviour. The increasing use of vessel has given special emphasis to
analytical and experimental methods for determining their emphasis to analytical and
experimental methods for determining their operating stresses. Of equal importance is the
appraising the significance of these stresses. This appraisal entails the means of determining
the values and extent of the stresses and strains, establishing the behaviour of the material
¦involved, and evaluating the compatibility of these two factors in the media or environment
to which they are subjected. Knowledge of material behaviour is required not only to avoid
failures, but also equally to permit maximum economy of material choice and amount used.

1.8 Limitation of Pressure Vessel

The maximum pressure and temperature at which any reactor or pressure vessel can be used
will depend upon the design of the vessel, its material of construction, and other components
integral to its design. Since all materials lose strength at elevated temperatures, any pressure
rating must be stated in terms of the temperature at which it applies. The listings shown in
this catalog show the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) for each vessel in
pounds per square inch (psi) and in bar at the maximum rated temperature for that particular
design when that vessel is constructed of Type 316 Stainless Steel. Maximum pressure and
temperature limits for vessels constructed of other alloys are computed and assigned by the
Parr Engineering Department in accordance with all applicable regulations.

Lower operating temperatures sometimes permit higher working pressures. For example, the
4560HT High Temperature reactors are rated at 2000 psi (138 bar) maximum pressure and
500 °C maximum temperature. Standard 4560 reactors are rated at 3000 psi (200 bar)
maximum pressure at 350 °C maximum temperature.

One should not assume that any vessel being operated at a lower temperature can be used at
pressures exceeding the rated MAWP. Factors other than the material strength of the vessel
wall may well be the constraint controlling the rating. Other factors that can limit the pressure
and temperature ratings are the closures design, the magnetic drive, the type of seal, the
choice of other components used, as well as the material of construction.

The maximum operational temperature of some materials is much lower than what is
permissible with stainless steel.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Pressure Vessel

A pressure vessel is one of the most important components in industrial and petrochemical
process plants. Pressure vessel encompasses a wide range of unit heat exchangers, reactors,
storage vessels and many more. Pressure vessel is defined as a container with a difference
between inside pressure and outside pressure. A vessel must be designed to withstand the
maximum pressure to which it is likely to be subjected in operation. Vessel is inadequately
designed to handle a high pressure constitutes a very significant safety hazard; for example,
pressure vessel, reactor vessel etc. A structural develop in which material are processed,
treated, or stored. The pressure vessel referred to those reservoirs or containers, which are
subjected to internal or external pressure.

Pressure vessels have wide applications in chemical industries, thermal and nuclear power
plants, process, pharmaceutical industries, &food and beverage industries, The failure of
pressure vessel may result in loss of life, health hazards and damage of property high pressure
is developed in pressure vessel so pressure vessel has to withstand several forces developed
due to internal pressure, so selection of pressure vessel is most critical. In pressure vessel
whenever expansion or contraction occurs normally as result of heating or cooling, thermal
stresses are developed .There are many types of stresses developed in the vessel Stresses are
categorized into primary stresses and secondary stresses. Primary stresses are because of
pressure inside pressure vessel and secondary stresses are because of thermal loading and
Thermal loading is considerable in a pressure vessel due to handling of hot fluids in vessels.
Since the pressure in the vessel is high, it has to withstand both thermal as well as structural
loadings. To obtain safety of pressure vessel and to design Pressure vessel the selection of
code is important.
During service, pressure vessel may be subjected to cyclic or repeated stresses. Fatigue in
pressure vessel occurs due to: Fluctuation of pressure, Forced vibration, Temperature
transients, Variation in external loads, Restriction of expansion or contraction during normal
temperature variations American society of mechanical engineers formed a committee for the
purpose of establishing minimum safety rules of construction for boilers in 1925 the
committee issued a set of rules for the design and construction of unfired pressure vessel.
most states have laws mandating that these code rules be met .enforcement of these rules is
accomplished via a third party employed by the insurance company. These codes are living
documents in that they are constantly being revised and updated by committees composed of
individuals knowledgeable on the subject. Keeping current requires that the revised codes be
published every three years with agenda issued every year.

This chapter covers a much generalized approach to pressure vessel design based on the
ASME boiler and pressure vessel code. In horizontal pressure vessels are generally structures
having complex geometry comprising of various geometrical discontinuities and are
commonly required to work under high loading conditions such as external forces, thermal
loads, internal pressure etc. The designing and manufacturing of such products are done by
the guidelines and codes as per the international standards. Horizontally kept cylindrical
pressure vessels are generally supported on twin saddle supports. In some cases vessel and
saddle support contact is of loose-fitting type. In this case there is a narrow gap or space
between the saddle support and vessel, due to which it becomes very difficult for
maintenance at that part which causes corrosion.

Usually saddles are welded to the outer periphery of the pressure vessel. In a horizontal
pressure vessel with saddle support a high localized stress at the interface of the vessel and
saddle is generated. This highest localized stress is termed as circumferential stress whose
intensity is very high at the horn part of the saddle and vessel. ASME boiler and pressure
vessel code section VIII, division 2 gives the design rules for supports and attachments used
to support the pressure vessel. The results obtained for the vessel and saddle support show
that with the increase in saddle radius of 1-2% over the vessel radius results in 50% stress
reduction at saddle and vessel junction. An extension of saddle plate by 5-10 degree causes
stress reduction of 25 - 40% in both vessel and support.

M.A Khan et al carried out his research on Stress distribution in horizontal pressure vessel
and saddle supports. Her quarter of the pressure vessel is modelled. After that stress
distribution is carried out for pressure vessel. He concluded that highly stressed area is the
flange plate of saddle.

M.Javed Hyder et al made research on optimization of location and size of opening in a

pressure vessel cylinder using ANSYS. Analysis is performed for three thick walled cylinder
with different internal diameters. From the research it is concluded that location and size of
the hole depends upon the size of the cylinder. The optimum location is where von Misses
stress is minimum and also the hole size should be such that von-Misses stress should be
minimum around the vicinity of the hole.

M. Giglio et al presented his research on Fatigue analysis of different types of pressure vessel
nozzle. He carried out comparison of two different methods for the construction of pressure
vessel nozzle. He conclude that failure of nozzles was carried out by crack passing through
their thickness. Both designs (external and integral reinforcement) give good fatigue life
results but nozzle with external reinforcement is easy to produce than with integral one.
Choice of simply produced nozzle obtained with a cylindrical tube and a reinforcement plate
gives good results in terms of stress and fatigue life

Avinash R.Kharat et al carried out his research on analysis of stress concentration at opening
in pressure vessel using ANOVA. The motivation for this research is to analyze the stress
concentration occurring at the openings of the pressure vessels and the means to reduce the
effect of the same. Finally conclusion shows that sudden change in strain flow lines causes
the strain and stress to rise abruptly. Strain increases with increasing the opening size in the
geometry.
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY AND MATERIAL SELECTION

3.1 Methodology
To design of pressure vessel the selection of Code are important as a reference guide to
achieve the safety pressure vessel. The selections of ASME CODE Section VIII div 1 are
described. The standard of material use are explains in this chapter. Beside of that, the design
and analysis software to obtain the result are introduced. Instead of that, design process
methodology is also described.

3.2 Code Selection

There are many engineering standards which give information on the design, and fittings of
an air receiver. The ASME is normally followed in Malaysia, but other national or
international standards may also be used. For this design, ASME VIII (division 2)
"Construction of Pressure vessel Codes" are selected according to above statement. It is,
however, emphasized that any standard selected for manufacture of the air receiver must be
followed and complied with in entirety and the design must not be based on provisions from
different standards.

3.3 Material selection

This chapter covers the selection of materials of construction for process equipment and
piping. Many factors have to be considered when selecting engineering materials.

The materials to be used in pressure vessels must be selected from Code-approved material
specifications. Several of materials have been use in pressure vessel fabrication. The selection
of material is based on the appropriateness of the design requirement. We select the material
low alloy steel (contain, Ni, Cr, Mo, V) because it has good strength, low in cost and
relatively good at corrosion resistant. All components of vessel are composed of this material
because it makes easy to weld together and all will have similar strength. The pressure vessel
design codes and standards include lists of acceptable materials in accordance with the
appropriate material standards. The mechanical properties that are important in the selection
of materials are discussed briefly in this chapter.

3.4 Material Properties

The most important characteristics to be considered when selecting a material of construction
are:

 Mechanical properties
 Strength-tensile strength
 Stiffness-elastic modulus
 Toughness-fracture resistance
 Hardness-wear resistance
 Fatigue resistance
 Creep resistance
Generally, mechanical properties of some metal alloys are illustrated below

Table 3.1 Mechanical properties of some metal alloys

Metal alloys Aluminium copper Nickel Cast iron Stainless

steel
Yield 35 69 138 197 205
strength(MPa)
Ultimate 90 200 520 414 510
tensile
strength(MPa)
Tensile 90 200 520 414 510
strength(MPa)
Design stress - - - - 100
at 300
Annealing 550 700 1150 - 1050

Fracture 44 low low low 76

toughness
Cold working S S S U S
Casting S S S S D
Welding S D S U/D S
Corrosive G C C G G
resistance of
oil

Where

S -satisfactory

D -Difficult, special techniques needed,

U - Unsatisfactory.

G - good.

3.4.1 Tensile strength

The tensile strength (tensile stress) is a measure of the basic strength of a material. It is the
maximum stress that the material will withstand, measured by a standard tensile test. The
older name for this property, which is more descriptive of the property, was Ultimate Tensile
Strength (UTS).The design stress for a material, the value used in any design calculations, is
based on the tensile strength, or on the yield. Proof stress is the stress to cause a specified
permanent extension, usually 0.1 per cent. The tensile testing of materials is covered by BS
18. Strength:- is a materials ability to with standard imposed force or stress. Strength is a
significant in the material selection for a particular application. Strength determines how
thick a component must be to withstand the imposed loads. The overall strength of a
materials determined by its yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, creep and rupture
strength. These strength properties depend on the chemical composition of the materiel.
Creep resistance (a measure of materiel strength at elevated temperature is increased by the
addition of alloying elements such as chromium molybdenum, and/or nickel to carbon steel.
Therefore, alloying materials are often used in elevated temperature applications.

3.4.2 Yield strength

Yield strength is the region which a materiel changes from plastic to elastic deformation.

3.4.3 Ultimate tensile strength (UTS)

The ultimate tensile strength (tensile stress) is a measure of the basic strength of the material.
It is the maximum stress that the materiel will stand and measure by a standard tensile test.

Material are often pleased in a service at elevated temperature and exposed to Static
mechanical stress the deformation under such circumstance is termed creep. The Time
dependent and permanent deformation of materiel when subjected to a constant Load and
stress.

3.4.4 Rupture Stress

Is the material resistance to fracture caused by the internal pressure of the fluid. That was
present inside the thank. And it is proportional to tensile strength (UTS) which Means martial
have high UTS and it have good rupture strength.

3.4.5 Stiffness
Stiffness is the ability to resist bending and buckling. It is a function of the elastic modulus of
the material and the shape of the cross-section of the member (the second moment of area).

3.4.6 Toughness
Toughness is associated with tensile strength, and is a measure of the material's resistance to
crack propagation. The crystal structure of ductile materials, such as steel, aluminium and
copper, is such that they stop the propagation of a crack by local yielding at the crack tip. In
other materials, such as the cast irons and glass, the structure is such that local yielding does
not occur and the materials are brittle. Brittle materials are weak in tension but strong in
compression. Under compression any incipient cracks present are closed up.

Various techniques have been developed to allow the use of brittle materials in situations
where tensile stress would normally occur. For example, the use of pre stressed concrete, and
glass fibre-reinforced plastics in pressure vessels construction Fracture toughness refers to the
ability of the material to withstand condition that could Cause a brittle fracture. The fracture
toughness of a material can be determined by the Magnitude of the impact energy that is
required to fracture

3.4.7 Hardness
The surface hardness, as measured in a standard test, is an indication of a material ability to
resist wear. Hardness testing is covered by British Standards: BS 240, 4175,427 and 860.
This will be an important property if the equipment is being designed to handle abrasive
solids, or liquids containing suspended solids which are likely to cause corrosion.
3.4.8 Fatigue
Fatigue failure is likely to occur in equipment subject to cyclic loading; for example, rotating
equipment, such as pumps and compressors, and equipment subjected to pressure cycling. A
comprehensive treatment of this subject is given by Harris (1976).

3.4.9 Creep
Creep is the gradual extension of a material under a steady tensile stress, over a prolonged
period of time. It is usually only important at high temperatures; for instance, with steam and
gas turbine blades. For a few materials, notably lead, the rate of creep is significant at
moderate temperatures. Lead will creep under its own weight at room temperature and lead
linings must be supported at frequent intervals. The creep strength of a material is usually
reported as the stress to cause rupture in 100,000 hours, at the test temperature.

3.4.10 Effect of temperature on the mechanical properties

The tensile strength and elastic modulus of metals decrease with increasing temperature. For
example, the tensile strength of mild steel (low carbon steel, C < 0.25 per cent) is 450 N/mm2
at 25°C falling to 210 at 500°C, and the value of Young's modulus 200,000 N/mm2 at 25°C
falling to 150,000 N/mm2 at 500°C. If equipment is being designed to operate at high
temperatures, materials that retain their strength must be selected. The stainless steels are
superior in this respect to plain carbon steels. Creep resistance will be important if the
material is subjected to high stresses at elevated temperatures. Special alloys, such as In conel
(International Nickel Co.), are used for high temperature equipment such as furnace tubes.
The selection of materials for high-temperature applications is discussed by Day (1979).

At low temperatures, less than 10°C, metals that are normally ductile can fail in a brittle
manner. Serious disasters have occurred through the failure of welded carbon steel vessels at
low temperatures. The phenomenon of brittle failure is associated with the crystalline
structure of metals. Metals with a body-centred-cubic (bcc) lattice are more liable to brittle
failure than those with a face-centred-cubic (fee) or hexagonal lattice. For low-temperature
equipment, such as cryogenic plant and liquefied-gas storages, austenitic stainless steel (fee)
or aluminium alloys (hex) should be specified. V-notch impact tests, such as the Charpy test,
are used to test the susceptibility of materials to brittle failure. The brittle fracture of welded
structures is a complex phenomenon and is dependent on plate thickness and the residual
stresses present after fabrication; as well as the operating temperature. A comprehensive
discussion of brittle fracture in steel structures is given by Boyd (1970).

3.4.11 Corrosion resistance

Corrosion is the deterioration of metals by chemical action. A materials resistance to
corrosion is probably the most important factor that influences its selection for a specific
application. The most common method that is used to address corrosion in pressure vessel is
to specify a corrosion allowance. A corrosion allowance is supplemental metal thickness that
is added to the minimum thickness that is required to resist the applied loads. This added
thickness compensates for thinning (i.e. corrosion) that will take place during service.
The corrosion resistance of carbon steel could be increased through the addition of alloying
Element such as chromium, molybdenum, or nickel. Alloy materials rather than carbon Steel,
are often used in Applications where increased corrosion resistance is required in order to
minimize the Necessary corrosion allowance. The term corrosion specifically applies to the
gradual action of natural agents, such as air or salt water, on metals. The most familiar
example of corrosion is the rusting of iron, a Complex chemical reaction in which the iron
combines with both oxygen and water to form hydrated iron oxide. The conditions that cause
corrosion can arise in a variety of ways. For this brief discussion on the selection of materials
it is convenient to classify corrosion into the following categories:

 General wastage of material - uniform corrosion.

 Galvanic corrosion-dissimilar metals in contact.
 Fitting-localized attack.
 Inter granular corrosion.
 Stress corrosion.
 Erosion-corrosion.
 Corrosion fatigue.
 High temperature oxidation.
 Hydrogen embrittlement.

Metallic corrosion is essentially an electrochemical process. Four components are necessary

to set up an electrochemical cell:

 Anode-the corroding electrode.

 Cathode-the passive, non-corroding electrode.
 The conducting medium-the electrolyte-the corroding fluid.
 Completion of the electrical circuit-through the material.

Cathodic areas can arise in many ways:

 Dissimilar metals.
 Corrosion products.
 Inclusions in the metal, such as slag,
 Less well-aerated areas.
 Areas of differential concentration.

The corrosion rate will be dependent on the temperature and concentration of the corrosive
fluid. An increase in temperature usually results in an increased rate of corrosion; though not
always. The rate will depend on other factors that are affected by temperature, such as
oxygen solubility. The effect of concentration can also be complex. For example, the
corrosion of mild steel in sulphuric acid, where the rate is unacceptably high in dilute acid
and at concentrations above 70 per cent, but is acceptable at intermediate concentrations.
3.4.12. Resistance to Hydrogen Attack
At temperatures from approximately 300F to 400f, monatomic Hydrogen diffuses into avoids
that are normally present in steel. In these voids, monatomic hydrogen forms molecular
hydrogen, which cannot diffuse out of the steel. If these hydrogen diffusion continues,
pressure can build to high levels within the steel, and the steel can crack, At elevated
temperatures, over approximately 600F, monatomic hydrogen not only causes cracks to form
but also attacks the steel. Hydrogen attack differs from corrosion in that damage occurs
throughout the thickness of the component, rather than just at its surface, and occur without
any metal loss. In addition, once hydrogen attack has occurred, the metal cannot be repaired
and must be replaced. Thus, it is not practical to provide corrosion allowance to allow for
hydrogen attack. Instead, materials are selected such that they are resistant to hydrogen attack
at the specified design conditions. Hydrogen attack is a potential design factor at hydrogen
partial pressure above approximately 100 psi. Material selection for these hydrogen services
applications is based on API 941, steels for hydrogen services elevated temperatures and
pressure in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants. API 941 contains a family of
design curves (the nelson curves) that are used to select appropriate material based on
hydrogen partial pressure and design temperature.

3.4.13 Fabric ability

Fabric ability refers to the ease of construction and to any special fabrication practices. That
are required to use the material of special importance is the ease with which Material can be
rolled or otherwise shaped to conform to vessel component geometry Requirements.

Pressure vessels commonly used welded construction. Therefore the materials Used must be
weld able so that individual components can be assembled into the completed Vessel. The
material chemistry of the weld area must be equivalent to that of the base Material so that the
material properties and corrosion resistance of the weld area will be the same as those of the
base material. Based on how it made and cost of production. A guide to the fabrication
properties of common metals and alloys are shown in the above table.

Hence the design specification is air the material that needed have to be highly resistive to
Corrosion which is caused by reaction between moisture and air (oxygen) which is one
Element of air and moisture. And also the selected material strong and resistive for those
Factors which explained on above description. The selected material is stainless steel.

3.5. Welding type

Welding is a way of heating of heating pieces of metal using electricity or a flame so that
they melt and stick together. There are several methods to make welded joints. In a particular
case the choice of a type from the numerous alternatives depends on:

 aspect of economy
 the circumstance of welding
 the requirement of the code
 3.6. Conclusion of selection of material
As we obtain that of properties about materials used to construct pressure vessel, we select
material based on our design specification is low alloy steel, because of the following some
reasons:

 It has highest tensile strength

 are highest corrosion resistant materials
 It is commonly used and inexpensive material
 weld ability and higher hardening ability
 have good mechanical properties
 strength in high temperature condition
 generally, it is suitable especially for our design
 CHAPTER FOUR

DESIGN ANALYSIS

4.1 Definition of Design Analysis

Design analysis is essentially a decision making process in which analytical tools derived
from basic sciences, mathematics statistics and engineering fundamentals are utilized to
develop a product model that can be converted in to an actual product, and also it is a
systematic process of developing a design including all information discovery and planning
for a design object.

4.1.1 Design Specifications

Medium = Air
Inner service pressure = 0.22Mpa
Nominal volume = 1.8 m3
Service temperature = 4000c
Position = horizontal
Supporting element= saddle support
Bottom discharge nominal d = 43mm
Connecting Pipes = 2 longitudinal and1 lateral diameter = 145mm

4.2. Determining the length and diameter of the pressure vessel

To find the optimum vessel proportions first we need to find length to diameter ratio(L/D) .
This L/D ratio with the following parameters

Operating pressure is a pressure which required for need to the process, served by the vessel
at which the vessel is normally operated

Design pressure=operating pressure + 5 to 10% operating pressure.

Select 10% for better safety purpose=0.22MPa + 0.1(0.22) = 0.242 MPa

Design pressure=0.242 MPa

The pressure table value that used to find the ration of L/D is given below

Table 4.1 L/D Ratio with Pressure

L/D RATIO Pressure(psi) Pressure(MPa)

3 0-250 0.000-1.724
4 250-500 1.724-3.448
5 >500 >3.448

Therefore The L/D ratio is 3 since the given pressure is 0.242 MPa
L/D=3 => L=3D

The total volume of the pressure vessel can be found using this simple formula:

V = Vh + Vs

Where V = total volume

Vh = Volume of head

Vs = Volume of the shell

Vh = 4/3πr3

=4/3(πD/2)3 where (r=D/2) r is internal radius of shell and head.

Vh=1/6πD3 is internal diameter of the shell and head volume of the shell.

Vs=πr2L=(πD/2)2L=1/4πD2L…………………..L is length of the shell.

Vs=1/4π D25D because, L=3D

3
𝑉 𝑠 = 3/4𝜋𝐷

The volume of the pressure vessel is given 1.8m3. Therefore

V = Vh + Vs

=1/6πD3+3/4πD3

V=11/12πD3 1.8m3=11/12πD3

D=1.96m

L=3D L=3(1.96m)

L=5.89m

4.3 Design of Shell Wall thickness

4.3.1 Circumferential stress (Longitudinal Joints)

It means that the governing stress will be the circumferential stress (hoop stress) in the long
seam. For this it has to satisfy that P does not exceed 0.385SE. In which case we shall use the
following formulae for thickness of shell

t = PR/ (SE − 0.6P) + C. A

Where t=minimum required thickness of the shell.

P=internal design pressure

R=inside radius of shell

 S=maximum allowable stress

E=joint efficiency

C.A=corrosion allowance

E=joint efficiency

C.A=corrosion allowance

4.3.2 Longitudinal Stress (Circumferential Joints)

It means that the governing stress will be the longitudinal stress in the circumferential joint.
For this it has to satisfy that P does not exceed 1.25SE. OR if the circumferential joint
efficiency is less than ½ the longitudinal joint efficiency. In which case we use the formula
for thickness

T = PR/ (2SE + 0.4P) + C. A

Now we have the values

P=0.242MPa

R=0.98m

At T=4000c σ=100MPa from the table of typical design stress of stainless steel 18Cr/8Ni
un established (304)

E=1 , C.A=2mm=0.002m

Let‟s use these two equations to find the thickness of the pressure vessel and select the
smallest value of them because of safety purposes. The weight of the pressure vessel can
affect the support leg.

Case 1) using

Circumferential stress (Longitudinal joint)

𝑃 ≤ 0.385𝑆𝐸

P≤0.385x100MPax1

0.242MPa≤38.5MPa------------------------checked

Therefore

t = PR/ (SE − 0.6P) + C. A

= (0.242MPax0.98m)/ (100MPax1-0.6x0.242MPa) + 0.002m

t=0.02449m or 24.49mm

Case 2) using

Longitudinal stress (circumferential stress)

P ≤ 1.25SE

P≤1.25x100MPax1

0.242MPa≤125MPa---------------------Checked

Therefore t = PR/ (2SE + 0.4P) + C. A

= (0.242MPax0.98m)/ (2x100MPax1 + 0.4x0.242MPa) +0.002m

t =0.001185m

t=1.185mm

And the smallest value is t= 0.001185 m and for standard value let‟s take t=1.185mm.

Finally let‟s find the external radius & diameter

Ro=R + 10mm=0.98m + 0.01m

Ro=0.99m And

Do=2xRo=2x0.99m

Do=1.98m

4.4 Review different type of head

The heads are normally made from the same material as the shell and may be welded to the
shell itself. They also may be integral with the shell in forged or cast construction. The head
geometrical design is dependent upon the geometry of the shell as well as other design
parameters such as operating temperature and pressure.

The heads may be of various types such as:

 Flanged
 Ellipsoidal
 Tori spherical
 Hemispherical
 Conical
 Tori conical

The geometry of the head is selected based on the function as well as on economic
considerations, and methods of forming and space requirements. The elliptical and tori
spherical heads are most commonly used. The carbon steel hemispherical heads are not so
economical because of the high manufacturing costs associated with them. They are thinner
than the cylindrical shell to which they are attached, and require smooth transition between
the two to avoid stress concentration effects. The thickness value of the elliptical and tori
spherical heads are typically the same as the cylindrical shell.

4.4.1 Flanged Head

Formed domed heads are made with a short straight cylindrical section, called a flange or
skirt. This ensures that the weld line is away from the point of discontinuity between the head
and the cylindrical section of the vessel.

ASMS hemispherical

The design thickness of hemispherical head is given by

t=PRi/ (2SE-0.2P)

ASMS elliptical head

The design thickness of elliptical head is given by

t=PDK/ (2SE-0.2P)

Where D=Shell diameter,

K=stress intensity factor……K= [1/6 + (a/b) 2] a and b semi major and semi-
Minor axes of ellipse

ASMS Tori spherical head

The design thickness of Torispherical head is given by

T = PLM/ (2SE − 0.2P)

M = 1/4 [1/3 + (L/ r) 1/2]

where L=spherical cross radiuses

M=shear intensity factor

r= knuckle radiuses

ASMS conical head

The design thickness of conical head is given by

T=PD/ 2cosα (SE-0.6P)

where α-semi-apex angle

ASMS Tori conical head

The design thickness of tori conical head is given by

For conical region 𝑡c= PD/2cosα (SE − 0.6P)

For tori conical region 𝑡k= 𝑃𝐿𝑀/ (2𝑆𝐸 − 0.2𝑃)

L = D 1/ cosα

4.4.2 Calculate Required Head Thickness

Thin shell theory Pressure vessel is hemispherical head in shape and 6.93MPa internal design
pressure is applied on it and its thickness is given below. According to the two theory.

Given values

Ri =0.98m

Ro=0.99m

P=0.242Mpa

t= 1.185mm=0. 001185m

E=1

C.A=2mm=0.002m

 Thin-shell theory

S = (PR)/ (2t)

S= (0.242Mpa*0.98m)/ (2*0.001185m)

S= 100.0675Mpa

 „Exact theory‟

S= [PRi3/ (Ro3-Ri3)][1+Ro3/2Ri3]

S=[0.242*0.983/(0.993-0.983)][1+0.993/2*0.983]

S=0.218Mpa

There for let‟s find the head thickness and take the largest value for S=100.0675Mpa

t=PRi/ (2SE-0.2P) +C.A

t= (0.242 MPa*0.98m)/ (2*100.0675MPa*1-0.2*0.242MPa) +0.002m

t= 0.00612m
 t=6.12mm

For selecting the standard dimension and materials for the flange by applying the American
National Standard ANSI B16.5-1981 of temperature and pressure rating. The given
temperature is4000c (752F⁰) and pressure is 0.22Mpa. And I can‟t find the Machu value there
for design pressure lets change in to standard value which is 0.242Mpa (35.099psi).

Table 4.2 Temperature-pressure standard

Class 150Ib
Hydrostatics test /design pressure (psi) 0.242mpa(35.099psi)
Temperature ,0C(0F) Maximum allowable non-shock pressure,
MPa(psi)
400(752 ) 94.4(13688)
We know that flange is class 150lb and the material is low alloy steel I select welding neck
flange , because have a long tapered hub between the flange ring and the welded joint .this
gradual transition of the section reduce the discontinuity stresses between the flange and
branch , and increases the strength of the flange assemble . Welding –neck flange are suitable
for extreme service condition; where the flange is likely to be subjected to temperature, shear,
and vibration load. They will normally be specified for the connections and nozzles on
process equipment.

Table 4.3 Standard ANSI

Nominal Diameter of Length Diamet Diameter Outside Thicknes Outside Bolting

pipe size the bore through er of of the diameter s of the diamete
mm(in) mm(in) [A] the hub the hub hub the flange [H] flange [J] r of
[C] at the base [G] raised
point face[k]
of
weldin
g [E]

145 146.6 88.9 160.7 183.74 271.98 24.93 209.55 M12

(5.708) (5.772) (3.5) (6.31) (7.234) (10.708) (0.981) (8.25)
43(1.69) 45.2(1.78) 62.48 53.04 69.9 136.65 18.06 84.32 M9
(2.46) (2.08) (2.752) (5.38) (0.711) (3.32)

Table 4.4 Gasket materials (Based on a similar table in BS 5500: 1991; see BS PD 5500
2003)

Gasket material Gasket factor m Min design

gasket seating Minimum
stress gasket
y(N/mm2) Width b (mm)
Stainless steels 3.75 62.0 10

The selection parameters are

Two longitudinal pipe with D=145mm (5.708 in)

One lateral pipe with D =145mm(5.708in)

One bottom discharge D=43mm(1.69in)

4.5 Flange and Gasket design

4.5.1 Flange Applied Lode and flange moment

The lode on the flange can be give as follow

m=gasket factor

Pi=internal pressure of flange

B=in side diameter of a flange for each pipe

B = A/2

b=effective gasket selling width

2b=effective gasket pressure width

tf=thickness of flange

tf = J

hd = (G + H − 2E)/4

hg = (H − G)/4

ht = (G + H)/4

G‟=main diameter of gasket

G‟ = B + (ht − hg)

Hg=gasket reaction forces (pressure forces)

Hg = πG‟(2b)mPi

H=total pressure

H = ( π/4) G‟2pi
Hd=pressure force of area inside the flange

Hd = ( π/4) B2pi

Ht=pressure for a flange face

Ht = H − Hd

The moment on the flange is Mop = Hd x hd + Ht x ht + Hg x hg

Let‟s calculate the lode and moment

There gasket factor width and internal pressure for the flange are the same

m=3.75 b=10mm and pi=0.22Mpa

hd=(G+H-2E)/4

for 145mm hd=(183.74+271.98-2*160.7)mm/4=33.58mm

for 43mm hd=(69.9+136.65-2*53.04)mm/4=25.1175mm

hg=(H-G)/4

for 145 mm hg=(271.98-183.74)mm/4=22.145mm

for 43 mm hg=(136.65-69.9)mm/4=16.68mm

ht=(G+H)/4

for 145 mm ht=(183.74+271.98)mm/4=113.93mm

for 43 mm ht=(69.9+136.65)mm/4=51.63mm

tf=J

For145 mm tf=24.93mm

for 43mmtf=18.06mm

B=A/2

For145 mm B=146.6mm/2=73.3mm

For 43 mm B=45.2mm/2=22.6mm

G‟=B+(ht-hg)

For145 mm G, =73.3mm+ (113.93-22.145) =165.08mm

For 43 mm G‟=22.6mm+(51.63-16.68)mm=57.55mm

H= (π/4) G‟2pi
For 145mmH= (π/4)(165.08mm)2*0.22Mpa=4.7KN

For 43mmH=(𝜋 /4)(57.55mm)2*0.22MPa=0.571KN

Hd = (π/4)B2Pi

For 145mmHd=(π/4)(73.3mm)2*0.22MPa=0.928KN

For 43mmHd=(π/4)(22.6mm)2*0.22MPa=0.088kN

Ht = H − Hd

For 145 mm Ht=(271.98-0.928)kN=271.05kN

For43 mm Ht=(136.65-0.088)kN=136.6kN

Hg = πG‟(2b)mPi

For 145 mmHg=π(165.08mm)(2*10mm)3.75*0.22MPa=8.552kN

For 43mmHg=π(57.55mm)(2*10mm)3.75*0.22MPa=0.795kN

The moment is

Mop = Hd x hd + Ht x ht + Hg x hg

For145mm pipe

Mop=(0.928*33.58)+(271.05*113.93)+(8.552*22.145)

Mop =31.101kNm

For 43 mm pipe

Mop =(0.088*25.12)+(136.6*51.63)+(0.795*16.68)

Mop =7.068kNm

The minimum load required bolt load under the operating condition given by

Wm1 = H + Hg

Wm1,145mmWml=(271.98+8.552)kN=280.53kN

Wm1, 43mmWml=(136.65+0.795)kN=137.5kN

The force and the momentum must be checked under the bolting up conditions.

The momentum is given by

Matm = Wm2 ∗ hg

Where Wm2 is the bolt load required to seat the gasket, given by
 Wm2 = yπG‟b

y=gasket seating pressure (stress)=52.4MPa

Wm2,145mm=52.4MPa* π * 165.08mm*10mm=271.61KN

Wm2,43mm=52.4MPa*π*57.55mm*10mm=94.69KN

Matm,145mm=271.61kN*22.145mm=6014.8Nm

Matm,43mm=94.69kN*16.68mm=1579.42Nm

3.5.2 FLANGES STRESS

Flanges stress are given by

Longitudinal hub stress

Σhb = F1M

Radial flange stress

σrd = F2M

Tangential flange stress

σtg = F3M − F4σrd

Where M is taken as Mob/B‟ or Matm/B‟, which ever is the grater ;and the factors
F1,F2,F3 and F4 are function of the flange type and dimensions, and are obtained as followed

gt = (G − F1 = 1/λgt2A)/2

λ=δ+γ 𝛿 = 𝑡3/𝑑 and γ=α/T α=te+1

d=(u/v)hogo2 go=J and ho=( B‟go)1/2=(B‟J)1/2

=(u/v)(B‟J)1/2J2 B‟=(G-A)/2

F2=β/λt2

t=thickness of the flange=J

β=1.333te+1

F3=y/t2

y=(1-v2)u

F4 = z

z=k- factor

K=A‟/B‟
𝐴’ = (𝐻 − 𝐺 )/2 and 𝐵’ = (𝐺 − 𝐴)/2

K =(H-G)/(G-A)

K145mm=(271.98-183.74)mm/(183.74-146.6)mm

=2.376mm

K43mm=(136.65-69.9)mm/(69.9-45.2)mm

=2.7mm

After getting value k, we can get values T, Z,Y and U from the table below by using k value
above.

Table 4.5.Value of (K, T, Z, Y and U)

Nominal pipe K T Z Y U
diameter(mm)

145 2.38 1.38 1.43 2.38 2.61

43 2.7 1.28 1.31 2.07 2.27

Y-gasket seating design stress

e=F/ho

=F/(B‟J)1/2

Let‟s find the value of F (in y-axis)by using ASME code ,section viii, Dev 1 in x-axis

g1/go or B‟/J and h/ho(or (C-J)/(B‟J)1/2)

after calculating of this value I fined F for each flange and the value are shown blow.

F145mm=0.867mm

F43mm=0.856mm

℮145mm=0.867/19.798mm=0.0437/mm

℮43mm=0.856/28.522mm=0.03/mm

Let‟s find α and β

α=t x e+1

α145mm=36mm(0.0437/mm)+1=2.573
α43mm=36mm(0.03/mm)+1=2.08

β=1.33 x tfe+1

β145mm=1.333 x 23.813mm(0.0437/mm)+1=2.38

β143mm=1.333 x 33.223mm (0.03/mm)+1=2.32

and γ will be

γ=α/T

γ145mm =2.573/1.25=2.05

γ43mm=2.08/1.33=1.565

let‟s find the value of v from ASME code viii Div .1

v145mm=0.33

v43mm = 0.32

d will be

d=(u/v)(B‟/tf)1/2 x J2

d145mm= (2.17/0.33)(16.46mm\23.813mm)1/2(23.813mm)2

=3099.787mm3

D 43mm=(2.44/0.32)(24.487mm/33.223mm)1/2(33.223mm)2

=7225.466mm3

The value of δ will be

δ=tf3/d

δ145mm=(23.8133mm)33099.787mm3

=4.356mm3

Δ 43 mm=(33.223mm)3/7225.466mm3

=5.075mm3

Let‟s find the value of λ

λ=δ+γ

λ 145mm=4.356+1.98=6.336

λ 43mm=5.075+2.22=7.295
y will be

y=(1-v2)u

y 145mm=(1-0.332)2.17=1.934

y43mm=(1-0.322)2.44 =2.19

gt will be

gt=(G-A)/2

gt145=16.46mm

gt43=24.487mm

Table 4.6 The value of constant

Nominal diameter (mm) F1(1/mm2) F2(1/mm2) F3(1/mm2) F4

145 0.0005825 0.0006624 0.00341 1.28

43 0.0002285 0.0002881 0.001984 1.37

To find the stress on the flange we must the value of the moment M and it is the largest of
them (Mop/B‟ or Matm/B‟). and it is given blow

Table 4.7 The value of Mop and Matm

Nominal diameter (mm) Mop (KNmm) Matm(KNmm)

145 31.101 6.0148

43 7.068 1.579

for M=mop/B ‟the stress is

σhb=F1M

For 145mm=0.0005825(1/mm2) (21251KNmm/16.46mm)

=752.04Mpa

For 43mm=0.0002285 (1/mm2)(122515KNmm/ 24.487mm)

=1143.25Mpa
σrd=F2M

For 145mm=0.0006624 (1/mm2)( 21251KNmm/16.46mm)

=855.204Mpa

For 43mm=0.0002881 (1/mm2) (122515KNmm/24.487mm)

=1441.44Mpa

σtg=F3M-F4σrd

For 145mm=0.00341(1/mm2) (21251KNmm/16.46mm)-1.28*855.204Mpa

=3307.885Mpa

For 43mm=0.001984 (1/mm2) (122515KNm /24.487mm)-1.37*1441.44Mpa

=7951.71Mpa

The flange must be sized so that the stresses given by equations satisfy the Following criteria
when it equals with 0.8515Mpa (123.2PSi) is the maximum allowable design stress

For the flange material at the operating conditions

σhb>1.5ffo

For145 mm = 752.04Mpa >1.27725MPa …………….checked

For 43mm= 1143.25MPa >1.27725 MPa………………checked

σrd> ffo

For 145mm = 855.204MPa > 0.8515 MPa …………….checked

For 43mm = 1441.44MPa >0.8515MPa …………… checked

0.5(σhb+σrd) >ffo

For 145mm =803.622MPa>0.8515MPa …………checked

For 43mm =1292.345MPa >0.8515MPa …………checked

0.5(σhb+σtg)>ffo

For 145mm 2029.96625MPa >0.8515MPa …………..checked

For 43mm 4547.48MPa >0.8515MPa ………………checked

The bolt spacing must be selected to give a uniform compression of the gasket. It will not
normally be less than 2.5 times the bolt diameter, to give sufficient clearance for tightening
with wrench or spanner
The following formula can be used to determine the maximum bolt spacing

The material [SA-193-B7] and maximum allowable stress (σ) for the bolt is 172.37MPa

(25KPSi).

The minimum bolt area is given by

Abf=Wm/fb

Where wm greatest of wm1or wm2

Table 4.8 The value of weight

Nominal Dia.(mm) Wm1(KN) WM2(KN)

145 494.21 276.981

43 1126.07 438.604

Abf=wm/fb

For 145 mm =494.21KN/172.37MPa=2867.15mm2

For 43mm =1126.07KN/172.37MPa =6532.87mm2

The bolt spacing must be selected to give a uniform compression of the gasket .It will

Not normally be less than 2.5 times the bolt diameter ,to give sufficient clearance for

Tightening with a wrench or spanner .The following formula can be used to determine the
maximum bolt spacing:

Pb=2db+6tf/ (m+0.5)

Where pb-bolt pitch (spacing), mm

Db=bolt diameter, mm

tf=flange thickness, mm

m-Gasket factor,3.75

pb will be

For 145mm=2*16.297mm+6*23.813mm/(3.75+0.5)=66.21mm

For 43mm=2*21.976mm+6*33.223mm/(3.75+0.5)=90.86mm
4.6 Design of Nozzle

4.6.1 Calculating Wall Thickness Of Nozzle

To find the thickness of the nozzle

tn = PR/ (SE − 0.6P) + C. A

Where t n-thickness of the nozzle

P-maximum allowable pressure

E-joint efficiency (E=1)

S-maximum allowable stress

R-internal radius of the pipe

C.A-corrosion allowance

For our nozzle I selects SA-106-B from the table and S=59.984MPa (8.7KPSi).

E=1

tn will be

tn145mm=[(1.77MPa*22.25mm)/(130MPa*1-0.6*1.77MPa)]+3.215mm =0.29800mm

tn43mm=[(3.397MPa*50mm)/(130MPa*1-0.6*3.397MPa)]+4.7625mm=1.2792mm

4.6.2 Reinforcement of Opening

The equal area method is the simplest method used for calculating the amount of
reinforcement required, and is allowed in most design codes and standards. The principle
used is to provide reinforcement local to the opening, equal in cross-sectional area to the area
removed in forming the opening. If the actual thickness of the vessel wall is greater than the
minimum required to resist the loading, the excess thickness can be taken into account when
estimating the area or reinforcement required. Similarly with a branch connection, if the wall
thickness of the branch or nozzle is greater than the minimum required, the excess material in
the branch can be taken in account.

The standard and codes differ in the area of the branch and shell considered to be effective
foe reinforcement, and should be consulted to determine the actual area allowed and the
disposition of the various types of reinforcement. For branch connections of small diameter
the reinforcement area can usually be provided by increasing the wall thickness of the branch
pipe. Some design codes and standards do not require compensation for connections below
89mm (3 in) diameter. If anything, the equal area method tends to overestimate the
compensation required and in some instances the additional materials can reduce the fatigue
life of the vessel. More sophisticated methods for determining the compensation required
have been introduced in to the latest editions of the codes and standards. The equal area
method is generally used for estimating the increase in thickness required to compensate for
multiple openings.

First calculate the reinforcement area

A=DxTxF

Where:

shell thickness = 0.64((D+tn )tn )0.5

F=correlation factor =1

D=diameter of the pipe

tn=nozzle material thickness

E=joint efficiency =1

t-shell material thickness= (for shell 36mm)

A=D x t x F

A145=105*36*1=3780mm2

A43=250*36*1=9000mm2

by taking A1 as the largest of the A11 OR A12 calculating the rein forcement area of the
vessel

A11=(Et - F x tr)D and A12=2(E x t – F x tr)x(t + tn)

A11145mm=(1x36mm-1x3.585mm)105mm=3403.575mm2

A12 43mm=2(1x36mm-1x3.585mm)(36mm+0.298mm)=2353.19mm2

A11145mm=(1x36mm-1x11.474mm)250mm=6131.5mm2

A1243mm=2(1x36mm-1x11.474)(36mm+1.2792mm)=1703.12mm2
A2 will be

ATOTAL= 𝐴1+𝐴2

A145mm=(3403.575+2353.19)=5756.7mm2

A43mm=(6131.5+1703.12) mm2=7834.62mm2

4.6.3 Support design and check of pressure vessel

4.6.3.1 Stresses in response to different loads

 Due to internal pressure

As we are treating methanator as a thin cylinder so the values of hoop stress & longitudinal
stress are calculated as under.

Therefore radial stresses are ignored (very small) so we consider the following primary
membrane stresses.

Hoop Stresses and Longitudinal Stresses

Hoop stresses (S 1)

= (10MPa) (1412mm) / 2(36mm)

= 196.1MPa

Longitudinal stress (S 2)

= (10MPa) (1412mm) / 4(36mm)

= 98.05MPa

As hoop stress is greater so design is based on hoop stress.

4.6.3.2 Stress due to weight of vessel and attachment

It is assumed that weight of the vessel and its attachments results in compressive stress only
& eccentricity doesn‟t exist and the resulting force coincides with the axis of the vessel.
The weight shall be calculated for the various conditions of the tower as follows.

 Erection weight
 Operating weight
 Test weight

The compressive stress due to the weight is given by

𝑆 = 𝑊 / 𝑐𝑡

Where

S = unit stress, MPa

W = weight of vessel above the section under consideration, N

c = circumference of shell or skirt on the mean diameter, mm

t = thickness of shell or skirt, mm

Erection weight

shell == ρshell x vshall x g

=8000kg/m3x4m3x9.81m/s2=313.92kN

heads = ρhead x vhead x g

=8000kg/m3x0.46m3x9.81m/s2 =36.1kN

flanges = n x (size) = 7 x mflange x g=7 x 4350kg x 9.82m/s2

=298.71kN

Erection weight=648.73kN --------------- (answer)

 Operating weight

Which include the weight of the erection + operating liquid

Erection weight = 648.73kN

Weight for operating liquid = ρliquid x vpressure vessel x g

= 1000kg/m3x4m3x9.81m/s2

=39.24kN

Total weight=39.24kN + 648.73kN=687.97kN ------ (answer)

4.6.3.2 Stress due to weight

Putting values in the formula (a)

Where, c = π x d mean = 3.14 x1412mm =4433.68mm

t = 36mm

sw = 687.97kN/(4433.66mmx36mm) =4.31MPa ………….(1)

4.6.3.3 Stress due to wind load

Towers under wind pressure are considered as uniformly loaded cantilever beams. The
computation of wind is based on standard ANSI a58.1-1982. Where terrain features and local
records indicate that 50 years at standard height are higher than those shown in the map,
those higher values shall be the minimum basic wind speed.
 The minimum basic wind speed for determining design wind pressure shall be taken from
the map of wind speed. Design wind pressure shall be determined by the following formula:-

f=wind lode=q x g x cf x a

p = qs x g x cfa/a=q x g x cf

Where, p= design wind pressure, MPa

q= wind stagnation pressure at the standard height of 9.144m (30 feet) as

tabulated:

Table 4.9 Wind pressure

Basic wind speed, mph, V 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

Pressure PSf, q 13 17 21 26 31 37 44

Cf = Pressure coefficient (shape factor):

Round or elliptical towers----------------------------0.8

G = Combined height, exposure and gust factor coefficient as tabulated:

Table 4.10 Cofficent of B and C

Coefficient G

Height above Exposure C Exposure B

ground, ft.

0-20 1.2 0.7

20-40 1.3 0.8

40-60 1.5 1.0

60-100 1.6 1.1

100-150 1.8 1.3

150-200 1.9 1.4

Exposure C---------------------The most severe exposure

Exposure B ---------------------Intermediate exposure

For the methanator we will take a wind speed of 144.84Km/hr(90mph), so the value of

qs =0.144MPa (21psf)

Cf= 0.8-------------------------For circular vessel

G = 1.3 ---------------Intermediate exposure & vessel height of 6.524m (21.4ft)

There for the value of wind pressure using the above formula will be;

P = 0.089MPa

We will take the wind pressure 0.144MPa.

Table 4.11 Formula for some mechanical quantities

QUANTITIES FORMULAS

Shear V= PwxD1xH

Moment at base M=PwxD1xHxh1

Moment at height h(t) Mt = M- ht{V-0.5PwD1ht}

Stress S= 12M / R2xπxt

Where:

D1= width of the vessel with insulation, 1.412m=1412mm

E = Efficiency of the welded joints = 1.0

h1= lever arm, ft

= H / 2 = 7.06m/2=3530mm

ht= distance from base to section under consideration, 1.52m=1520mm

H = length of vessel section, 7.06m=7060mm

M = Maximum moment (at the base), Nm

Mt= Moment at height h t, Nm

Pw= Wind pressure, 0.089MPa

R = Mean radius of vessel, 0.711m=711mm

S = Stress due to wind, MPa =?

V = Total shear, N
t= Thickness of shell excluding corrosion, 36mm

The values of shear, moment at base & moment at skirt joint are calculated as under and then
the stress developed in response to the moment M(t) using the formula listed in the table
above. By putting the values of the parameters listed above for methanator.

V = 0.089MPax1.412x7.06m

V = 0.72MN

Moment (at base) M = 0.089MPax1.412mx7.06mx3.53m

M=3.13MNm

Moment at head to skirt joint

Mt =3.13MNm – 1.52m {0.72MN – 0.5x0.089MPax1.412mx3.53m}

Mt = 2.3718MNm

Stress due to wind = 12xM / (R) 2xπxt

=12x3.13MNm/ (0.711m)2xπx0.036m

= 8.399MPa------------ (tensile)

4.6.3.4 Stress due to seismic load

 period of vibration

As a result of wind tall towers develop vibration. The period of vibration should be limited,
since large natural periods of vibration can lead to fatigue failure. The allowable period has
been computed from the maximum permissible deflection.

Table 4.12 Formula for time of vibration

Quantities Formulas

period of vibration, t sec t=0.0000265(h / d)2x(wxd /t)½

maximum allowable period of vibration, ta ta=0.80(wh /vg) ½s

sec

Where:

D = Outside diameter of vessel, 1.432m=1432mm

H = Length of vessel including skirt, 7.06m=7060mm

g = 9.81m / sec2 gravitational acceleration

 t = Thickness of skirt at the base, 10mm

V = Total shear = ZICW/Rw (calculated ahead) =1038.6N

W= Weight of tower, =648.73KN

w= weight of tower per mater of height, = 102.93KN

Putting values to get period of vibration for methanator

T = 0.0000265(3530/1432)2 x (102.93x1430/0.01)½

T = 0.606 sec

Now allowable period of vibration

Ta=0.80{WxH / Vxg} ½=0.8{(648.73x7060)/(9.82x1038.6)}1/2

Ta = 16.9sec

As „T‟ is less than „Ta‟ hence the condition is satisfied.

4.6.3.5 Stress due to earthquake

The loading condition of the tower under seismic forces is similar to that of the cantilever
beam when the load increases uniformly towards the free end.

Table 1 Formula of stress due to earthquake

FORMULAS

Shear Moment

V=ZICW/Rw M=[FtH+(V-Ft)(2H /3)]

Mx= M(x/H)

Where C= Numerical coefficient=1.25S/T2/3

= 1.25x1/(0.606)2/3 =1.73

=1.73(should not be more than 16.95)

Rw=Numerical coefficient (use 2.9 for vessels)

E = Efficiency of welded joints = 1.0

Ft = Total horizontal seismic force at the top of the vessel,0N(because T < 0.7)

= 0.07TV (Ft shall not exceed 0.25V)

= 0, for T < 0.7

H =Length of vessel including skirt, 7.06m=7060mm

 I = Occupancy importance coefficient (use 1.0 for vessels)

K = Horizontal force factor (use 2.0 for vessels)

M = Maximum moment at the base, Nm

Mx= Moment at distance x, Nm

S = Numerical coefficient for site structure resonance

= 1.0

The product CS shall not exceed 0.14

W = Weight of the vessel=687.97KN

Z = Seismic factor = 0.15

Shear = (0.15x1x0.0299x687.97KN)/2.9

V = 1064.8N

Ft = 0.07xTxV =0.07x0.28x1064.8N=20.85N

0.25V = 259.65N

As condition is that Ft should not exceed 0.25V so it is satisfied for methanator

Therefore Moment

M = [20.85x7060+ (1064.8-20.85)x(2x7060/3)]

M =4916.84Nm

Moment at skirt to head joint

Mt = M(x/H) where x=H/3=7.06m/3=2.353m

=4916.8Nmx(2.353m/7.060m)

=3332.9Nm

Therefore stress due to earthquake

Seq = 12x Mt / R2 xπx t

= 12x3332.9/ (0.706)2xπx0.03

=0.075Mpa
 CHAPTER FIVE

RESULT AND DISCUSION

5.1 RESULT
At first the user has to give the volume of the pressure vessel according to the space which
the pressure vessel will be placed and volume of the liquid or gas that it will fill. The user
also needs to give the length if known based on the ratio of length to the diameter of the
pressure vessel must be between 2 to 4. If the length is not given, then the program will
choose the default value which is 3. The user will be asked to give the input value based on
the user‟s specification in the following input data:
 Volume of pressure vessel (m3)
 Length (m)
 Design pressure (Pa)
 The allowable stress for the materials (Pa)
 Joint Efficiency Factor
 Corrosion factor (m)
 Temperature (oC)

After the following respective procedures of the components of pressure vessels by using the
given temperature 4000c(7520F) the class is150Ib by using this value the following results
was received.

Table 5.1 Result values of the designed horizontal pressure vessel

Character Shell Head Nozzle Flange

Length 5980mm
Diameter 1960mm
thickness 1.185mm 6.12mm 145=24.93mm
43=18.06mm
stress Hoop 196.1MPa
Longitudinal 98.05MPa
weight 313.92KN 36.1KN 298.71KN

5.2. Discussion
The target was to design for the shell, head, openings, flanges, covers and the support for the
pressure vessel. Unfortunately, due to certain problem and difficulties, the project can be
done accordingly. The performance of the support system is poor and it still needs debugging
process to complete the system. The design of pressure vessel should be as follows:

1. Select type of pressure vessel:

- Horizontal
- Vertical
- Spherical
 2. User‟s parameters
 Input parameters

- Volume of pressure vessel

- Length of pressure vessel
- Design working pressure
- Materials
- Joint efficiency factor
- Corrosion allowance
- Temperature
- Type of fluid

 Output parameters

- Volume
- Length
- Radius
- Design of shell
- Design of head
- Design of flanges and covers
- Design of opening
- Design of supports

The materials should be chosen by the user and the user does not need to give the
value of the allowable stress of the material. There should be list of materials for the
user to select for the pressure vessel design.
 CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 Conclusion
As the project is completed, it can be concluded that the objectives of this project are
successfully done. This project has leads to several conclusions. However, major conclusions
are shown as below The design of pressure vessel is initialized with the specification
requirements in terms of standard technical specifications along with numerous requirements
that lay hidden from the market. The design of a pressure vessel is more of a selection
procedure, selection of its components to be more precise rather designing each and every
component. Regarding storage of fluid for a pressure vessel system should be preferred due
to its simplicity, better sensitivity, higher reliability, low maintenance, compactness for the
same capacity. The storage of fluid at high pressure in the pressure vessel is at the heart of its
performance and is the first step towards the design.

6.2 Recommendation
It is recommended that the support system for pressure vessel design to be further developed
and modified in the future. For example, the list of materials should be provided to the user to
be chose from the system so that the user will have more choices in creating the design of
pressure vessel. As the material is listed, the allowable stress, yield strength and tensile
strength should given to the user to be selected. It is easier and time-saving in that way.
Besides that, the mechanical design of pressure vessel should includes the design of head,
design of shell, design nozzle, design of flanges and covers and as well as the design of
support. Then, the design of pressure vessel will be completed.
REFERENCE
A Brief Discussion on ASME Section VIII Division 1 and 2 and The New Division 3.

(2000). Retrieved April 2, 2014

Annaratone, D. (2007). Pressure Vessel Design, Springer.

Chattopadhyay, S. (2004). Pressure Vessels : Design and Practice: CRC Press LLC.

Code, A. (1994). Section VIII. Pressure Vessels, Division, 2.

Darijani, H., Kargarnovin, M. H., & Naghdabadi, R. (2009). Design of thick-walled

cylindrical vessels under internal pressure based on elasto-plastic approach.

Farr, J. R., & Jawad, M. H. (2006). Guidebook for the Design of ASME Section VIII

Pressure Vessel Handbook, 10th Edition.pdf

Pressure Vessels (2 ed.): ASME press.

Thakkar, B. S., & Thakkar, S. A. (2012). Design of Pressure Vessel Using ASME Code,

Section VIII, Division 1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering

Shigley‟s mechanical engineering design 8thedition

Research and Studies, I(II), 228-234.

Types of Pressure Vessels. Retrieved 22 February, 2014, from

http://www.bestinnovativesource.com/2012/03/10/types-of-pressure-vessels/
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A Mechanical Design for Pressure Vessel

1.0 Design of Shells

Horizontal and Vertical Pressure Vessels

Cylindrical shells

 Thin cylindrical shells

t = PR(SE – 0.6P), when t < 0.5R or P < 0.385SE

where

E = joint efficiency factor

P = internal pressure

R = internal radius

S = allowable stress in the material

t = thickness of the cylinder

 Thick cylindrical shells

t = R(Z1/2 – 1)

where

Z = (SE + P)/(SE – P)

where

E = joint efficiency factor

P = internal pressure

R = internal radius

S = allowable stress in the material

t = thickness of the cylinder

Spherical Pressure Vessels

Spherical shells

 Thin spherical shells

t = PR/(2SE – 0.2P), when t < 0.356R or P < 0.665SE

where

E = joint efficiency factor

P = internal pressure

R = internal radius

S = allowable stress in the material

t = thickness of the shell

 Thick spherical shells

t = R(Y1/3 – 1)

where

Y = 2(SE + P)/(2SE – P)

where

E = joint efficiency factor

P = internal pressure

R = internal radius

S = allowable stress in the material

t = thickness of the shell

2.0 Design of heads

Hemispherical heads

 Thin hemispherical heads

t = PR/(2SE – 0.2P), when t < 0.356R or P < 0.665SE

where

E = joint efficiency factor

P = internal pressure
R = internal radius

S = allowable stress in the material

t = thickness of the head

 Thick hemispherical heads

t = R(Y1/3 – 1)

where

Y = 2(SE + P)/(2SE – P)

where

E = joint efficiency factor

P = internal pressure

R = internal radius

S = stress in the material

t = thickness of the head

Ellipsoidal heads

t = PD/(2SE – 0.2P) , radius-to-depth ratio is 2:1

where

D = inside base diameter

E = joint efficiency factor

P = pressure on the concave side of the head

t = thickness of the head

t = PDK/(2SE – 0.2P), radius-to-depth ratio is other than 2:1

where

K = (1/6)[2 + (D/2h)2]

where

D = inside base diameter

E = joint efficiency factor

P = pressure on the concave side of the head

t = thickness of the head

Tori spherical heads

t = 0.885PL/(SE – 0.1), when L = D and r = 0.06D

where

E = joint efficiency factor

L = inside spherical radius

P = pressure on the concave side of the head

S = allowable stress for the material

t = thickness of the head

t = PLM/(2SE – 0.2P), when 1.0 < L/r < 16.67

where

M = (1/4)[3 + (L/r)1/2]

where

E = joint efficiency factor

L = inside spherical radius

P = pressure on the concave side of the head

S = allowable stress for the material

t = thickness of the head

3.0 Design of Conical Sections

t = PD/[2 cos a (SE – 0.6P)], where a < 30o

where

t = required thickness

P = internal pressure

D = inside diameter of conical section under consideration

S = allowable tensile stress

E = joint efficiency factor

4.0 Design of flat plates, covers and flanges

Circular flat plates and covers

t = d(CP/SE)1/2

where

d = effective diameter of the flat plate

C = coefficient between 0.10 and 0.33

P = design pressure

S = allowable stress at design temperature

E = butt-welded joint efficiency of the joint within the flat plate

t = minimum required thickness of the flat plate

Noncircular flat plates and covers

Z = 3.4 – (2.4d/D)

t = d(ZCP/SE)1/2

where

d = effective diameter of the flat plate

C = coefficient between 0.10 and 0.33

P = design pressure

S = allowable stress at design temperature

E = butt-welded joint efficiency of the joint within the flat plate

t = minimum required thickness of the flat plate

APPENDIX B Table of Stress values of different materials used in the design