Web Services

Web Services and SOA
CS 237
Web Services - Definition from W3C
“ A Web service is a software system identified
by a URI, whose public interfaces and bindings
are defined and described using XML. Its
definition can be discovered by other software
systems. These systems may then interact
with the Web service in a manner prescribed
by its definition, using XML based messages
conveyed by internet protocols.”
Service Oriented Architectures
Role Technologies capable of:

•Exchanging messages
•Describing Web services
service
requestor •Publishing and discovering Web
retrieves a service descriptions
service A service publishes its
description Operation
description
One-way, Component
conversational,
many-to-many
Web Services –
Architectural Extensions
– Incorporates additional features and functionality by extending
technologies and components defined within the basic architecture, such
as:
• Asynchronous messaging
• Attachment – typical usage : associating binary data with SOAP messages.
• Caching
• Message exchange pattern (MEP) - Describes a generalized pattern of message
exchange between two services. e.g. : one-way, request/response,
publish/subscribe, and broadcast.
• Reliable message - implementation of Reliable Messaging one MEP is a series
of requests between two nodes with an acknowledgement SOAP Module.
• Message confidentiality – Can transmit the message via SSL or TLS, or have a
SOAP Module provides for encryption and decryption.
• Message integrity – Can have a SOAP Module use digital signature.
• Session
The Complete Web Services "Stack"
More
mature
technologie
s
The Wire Stack
•Transport: HTTP is
the de facto, other
may be supported.
•Packaging: SOAP is
the de facto standard
for XML messaging.
•Extensions :
Additional information
attached to web
services messages.
The Description Stack
It is actually a stack of description
documents defined using XML
Schema.
Not fully
specified
facts, or assertions, and
rules that apply to a
particular Web service
Input/
Output
rendering
minimum service description
necessary to support Satisfied
interoperable Web services. by WSDL
The Discovery Stack
WSIL : de-centralized
service discovery method
 Service can be published using a variety of mechanisms:

 Direct publish: description sent directly to requestor;
 WSIL : HTTP GET retrieves descriptions from URL;
 Universal Description, Discovery and Integration (UDDI)

registries: a Web-based distributed directory.
 Service requestors can retrieve a service description at design
time (search by interface) or runtime (by communication and
QoS) from a Web page (URL), a service description repository,
a simple service registry or a UDDI registry. Discovery
depends on how services are published;
The technology so far
The WS technology is completely based on XML.
Therefore, both the data format and the
interaction protocols are XML-based:
 customized XML -> data format
 SOAP -> communication protocol
 WSDL -> the Interface definition language
 WSIL/UDDI -> standards for services discovery
The lowest-level layers (the transport layer)

should exploit some existing Internet
protocols, like HTTP or SMTP
What is XML
XML is a simple tag-based language for
describing information in a structured way.
Basic elements:
 Tags
 Attributes
LastName Allen
 Text
StartTag Attributes Text EndTag
<xhtml:table><xhtml:tr>
<xhtml:td width="40%">LastName</xhtml:td>
<xhtml:td width="60%">Allen</xhtml:td>
</xhtml:tr></xhtml:table>
How to work on XML
The tree-like structure of XML makes developers
life hard.
In practice there is not a standard way for
editing and analyzing, but the best method
depends on your need. Just choose among:
 SAX -> callback-based parser
 DOM -> tree representation
 XSLT -> “XML to XML” conversion
 XPATH -> queries
 XML Binding -> transparent conversion to
objects
Simple Object Access Protocol
SOAP is a technology to support the exchange of
XML-coded messages over a transport protocol,
such as HTTP and SMTP. (wire stack)
HTTP Client Server

SOAP   XML XML  
XML
Stub Skeleton
  SOAP SOAP  
POST…
HTTP client HTTP server
Protocols Folding HTTP 1.1 200 OK
SOAP basic mechanism

Simple Object Access Protocol
A SOAP runtime engine basically adds a XML
envelope to an existing XML document
SOAP Envelope <soap:Envelope>

<soap:Header>
SOAP Header <axis:SessionKey>
SDHH37TYEW7R7
Communicatio </axis:SessionKey>
n Info </soap:Header>
Example <soap:Body>
<GetPrice>
SOAP Body <Item>Apples</Item>
</GetPrice>
</soap:Body>
XML </soap:Envelope>
Document
Document Container Session, Authentication,

Routing, Security
SOAP Encoding
Dealing directly with XML messages is not easy.
Therefore, SOAP provides a “RPC emulation”
technology
The result: developers work with web services like
with traditional RPC (e.g. CORBA,DCOM,DCE)
The “RPC emulation” is named SOAP encoding.
Fundamentally it is a set of rules to map a

procedure invocation to a XML document.
SOAP Encoding
The rules:
 method name -> first level element in the
SOAP Body
 arguments identifiers -> second level elements
 arguments values -> third level elements
 arguments types -> attribute xsi:type
ClockService.getTime(location="USA");
Service Request
<soap:Body>
<getTime>
<location xsi:type="xsd:string">USA</path>
</getTime>
</soap:Body>
Web Service Description Language
WSDL is a standard format to describe a Web
Service (description stack)
A WSDL document is composed by two sections:

 An abstract interface section -> like in
traditional IDL, it defines the signatures of
procedures (RPC-style) or messages
(document-style)
 A deployment section -> it defines the service
location and the supported transport protocols
Fundamentally a client uses the WSDL to create

the stub or to dinamically decode messages.
Web Service Introspection Language
WSIL and UDDI are the standard way to search
Web Services. (Discovery stack)
WSIL is the decentralized approach.
Fundamentally a WSIL document contains a

directory of the Web Services deployed on a
server.
It is anologous to the index.html document for
web pages.
In the future, specific crawlers will browse the
Internet looking for WSIL documents, like
Google does today for web pages.
Web Service Introspection Language
<inspection>
<abstract>Acme Industries Public Web Services</abstract>
<service>
<name>Store Finder Service</name>
<abstract>
A service to perform a geographical search of Acme stores.
</abstract>
<description
location="http://example.org/services/storefinder.wsdl"/>
</service>
<link location="http://example.org/services/ecommerce.wsil"/>
</inspection>
Service name
Link to an other WSIL page
Service location and description
UDDI
UDDI is a complimentary approach for searching
based on a centralized repository.
The repository is an “electronic yellow pages” for

firms that offer web services online. Besides the
names of services and their WSDL descriptors,
firms can add a description of their business,
phone numbers, addresses...
UDDI repositories are offered by many agencies -

e.g. IBM, Microsoft and HP.
References
J2EE: A platform of choice for Web Services.
http://www.sun.it/eventi/codecamps_2002/pdf/j2ee_a_platfor
m_of_choice_for_web_services.pdf
XML in J2EE Platform.
http://www.sun.it/eventi/codecamps_2002/pdf/xml_in_j2ee_p
latform.pdf
A Busy Developers Guide to WSDL 1.1
http://radio.weblogs.com/0101679/stories/2002/02/15/aBusy
DevelopersGuideToWsdl11.html
A Busy Developer's Guide to SOAP 1.1 .
http://www.soapware.org/bdg
A Young Person's Guide to The Simple Object Access Protocol.
http://msdn.microsoft.com/msdnmag/issues/0300/soap/soap.
asp
An XML Overview Towards Understanding SOAP.
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/dnwebsrv/html/xmlo
verchap2.asp
References
Deploying Web Services on Java 2, Enterprise Edition.
http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/We
bServices/wsj2ee/
The Python Web services developer. http://www-
106.ibm.com/developerworks/webservices/library/ws-
pyth1.html
Understanding WSDL in a UDDI registry. http://www-
106.ibm.com/developerworks/webservices/library/ws-wsdl/
Dot-com builder overview of WSDL.
http://dcb.sun.com/practices/webservices/overviews/overview
_wsdl.jsp
Getting Started with JAX-RPC.
http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/We
bServices/getstartjaxrpc/
Introduction to WSDL.
http://www.devxpert.com/tutors/wsdl/wsdl.asp
References
Integrating SOAP into ebXML.
http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/1472/ITW010404ebXML/
Top ten FAQs for Web Services.
http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/webservices/2002/02/12/web
servicefaqs.html
Web Services Introduction.
http://www.perfectxml.com/WebSvc1.asp
SOAP archives. http://www.soap.org/archive.iphtml
SOAP Introduction.
http://www.w3schools.com/soap/soap_intro.asp
Web Services Description Language (WSDL) Explained.
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/dnwebsrv/html/wsdle
xplained.asp
WSDL Interop Adventures.
http://www.byte.com/documents/s=7031/byt1015007393289/
0304_udell.html
Java Web Services Tutorial.
http://java.sun.com/webservices/docs/1.0/tutorial/doc/JavaWS
TutorialTOC.html

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Web Services and SOA

Role Technologies capable of:

 Service can be published using a variety of mechanisms:

 WSIL : HTTP GET retrieves descriptions from URL;

 Universal Description, Discovery and Integration (UDDI)

The lowest-level layers (the transport layer)

StartTag Attributes Text EndTag

HTTP Client Server

SOAP basic mechanism

SOAP Envelope <soap:Envelope>

Document Container Session, Authentication,

The “RPC emulation” is named SOAP encoding.

Fundamentally it is a set of rules to map a

A WSDL document is composed by two sections:

Fundamentally a client uses the WSDL to create

Fundamentally a WSIL document contains a

The repository is an “electronic yellow pages” for

UDDI repositories are offered by many agencies -

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