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    Black Cotton Soil

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    Saurav Shrestha
    Expansive soils like black cotton soil swell when wet and shrink when dry, causing foundations built on them to crack or heave. Black cotton soil contains clay minerals that absorb water and expand. To prevent damage to structures, foundations on black cotton soil should be deep, have reinforced concrete ties, and be isolated from direct contact with the soil using sand or gravel layers. Safety precautions include limiting loads, preventing moisture access below foundations, compacting soil beds, and undertaking construction during dry seasons.

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    Black Cotton Soil

    Uploaded by

    Saurav Shrestha
    457 views11 pages
    Expansive soils like black cotton soil swell when wet and shrink when dry, causing foundations built on them to crack or heave. Black cotton soil contains clay minerals that absorb water and expand. To prevent damage to structures, foundations on black cotton soil should be deep, have reinforced concrete ties, and be isolated from direct contact with the soil using sand or gravel layers. Safety precautions include limiting loads, preventing moisture access below foundations, compacting soil beds, and undertaking construction during dry seasons.

    Original Description:

    Lecture notes on Black Cotton Soil

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    Expansive soils like black cotton soil swell when wet and shrink when dry, causing foundations built on them to crack or heave. Black cotton soil contains clay minerals that absorb water and expand. To prevent damage to structures, foundations on black cotton soil should be deep, have reinforced concrete ties, and be isolated from direct contact with the soil using sand or gravel layers. Safety precautions include limiting loads, preventing moisture access below foundations, compacting soil beds, and undertaking construction during dry seasons.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    457 views11 pages

    Black Cotton Soil

    Uploaded by

    Saurav Shrestha
    Expansive soils like black cotton soil swell when wet and shrink when dry, causing foundations built on them to crack or heave. Black cotton soil contains clay minerals that absorb water and expand. To prevent damage to structures, foundations on black cotton soil should be deep, have reinforced concrete ties, and be isolated from direct contact with the soil using sand or gravel layers. Safety precautions include limiting loads, preventing moisture access below foundations, compacting soil beds, and undertaking construction during dry seasons.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 11

    EXPANSIVE SOIL : BLACK COTTON SOIL

     Expansive soils, also referred as


    swelling soils, are those soils which
    have tendency to increase in the
    volume whenever the moisture
    content (i.e. water content) in it is
    increased. Foundation with swelling
    soil will heave and can cause lifting
    of a building or structure laid on it
    whenever the moisture content rises.
    This can ultimately lead to the failure
    of foundation and structure laid on it.
    They swell when water is added to
    them and shrink when they dry out.
    “Black Cotton Soil” is an example 1

    of Expansive soil
    FOUNDATIONS ON BLACK COTTON SOIL

     The property of volumetric changes


    with the change of atmospheric
    conditions makes black cotton soil
    dangerous to be founded buildings. It
    swells excessively when wet and
    shrink excessively when dry resulting
    terrible cracks in soil without any
    warning. It has a great affinity to
    water. This tendency of soil is on
    account of the presence of fine clay
    particles. Cracks are formed due to
    movement of the ground on account of
    alternate swelling and shrinkage. The
    cracks thus formed are sometimes 15 2
    to 20 cm wide and 2.5 to 4 m deep.
    CAUSE OF EXPANSION

     Soils are composed of a variety of materials, most of


    which do not expand in the presence of moisture.
     However, a number of clay minerals are expansive.
    These include: smectite, bentonite, montmorillonite,
    beidellite, vermiculite, attapulgite, nontronite, illite and
    chlorite.
     There are also some sulfate salts that will expand with
    changes in temperature.
     Soil containing large amount of above mentioned
    expansive minerals, they tend to possess potential of
    significant expansion or swelling. Whereas, soil
    containing these minerals in lesser amount are non-
    3
    expansive in nature.
    SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
     The following precautions are generally adopted while building
    structures on black cotton soil:

    1. To limit the load on the soil


    to 5 tonnes/sqm. if moisture
    content or if water is liable to
    find an access to the
    foundations, otherwise it may
    be about 10 tonnes/sqm.

    2. To take the foundation to


    such depths where the cracks
    cease to extend. The minimum
    depth of foundation should be 4

    at least 1.5 m.
     3. To provide reinforced concrete ties or bands all around the
    main walls of the building. The R.C.C ties or bands which may
    be 10 cm to 15 cm deep should be placed at plinth level, lintel
    level and eaves level. In case of flat roof, R.C.C slab it self acts
    as a tie and as such no extra band needed to be provide near the
    roof in such cases.

    5
     4. If the depth of the black cotton soil at a given site is only
    1 to 1.5 m, the entire black cotton soil above the hard bed
    may be completely removed and the foundation may be laid
    on the hard bed below.

    6
     5. The swelling of soil in direct contact with the foundation
    material causes maximum damage. Hence it is necessary to
    prevent the direct contact of black cotton soil with masonry
    work below ground level. These can be achieved by making
    wider trenches for foundation and filling spaces on the either
    side of the foundation masonry with sand or gravel.

    7
     6. The bed of foundation trench should be made firm or hard
    by ramming it well. On the rammed bed a 30 cm layer of
    good hard moorum should be spread in layers of 15 cm, each
    layer being well watered and rammed before laying the next
    layer. On this layer either stone or sand bed should be
    provided to the desire height to place the foundation concrete
    bed block upon it.

    8
     7. In case of ordinary buildings, the foundation should be
    taken at least 30 cm deeper than the depth where the crack
    stop.

     8. In important structures raft


    foundation should be
    provided so as to float the
    building on the bed below the
    depth, quite independent of 9

    the surrounding soil.


    9. For less important structures like
    compound walls etc., the foundation
    should preferably be taken at least
    15 cm below the depth at which
    cracks in soil cease to occur.

    10. Construction in black cotton soil


    should be undertaken during dry
    season.

    11. The masonry for the walls should


    start at least 15 cm below the general
    ground level.
    10
     12. The width of trench for main
    walls or load bearing walls of a
    building should be dug 40 cm wider
    than the width of foundation. This
    is necessary to ensure provision of
    at least 20 cm wide layer of coarse
    sand on either side of foundation
    masonry thereby separating the
    sub-structure from having direct
    contact with black cotton soil.

     13. In case of compound wall,


    width of sand layer on either side of
    foundation masonry could be 15
    11
    cm.

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