Steel

Steel
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Blast furnace
1. CARBON STEEL
Carbon steel looks dull, matte-like, and is known to be vulnerable to corrosion. Overall, there are three subtypes to
this one: low, medium, and high carbon steel, with low containing about 0.30% of carbon, medium 0.60%, and high
1.5%.
The name itself actually comes from the reality that they contain a very small amount of other alloying elements.
They are exceptionally strong, which is why they are often used to make things like knives, high-tension wires,
automotive parts, and other similar items.
2. ALLOY STEEL
Next up is alloy steel, which is a mixture of several different metals, like nickel, copper, and aluminum. These tend to be
more on the cheaper side, more resistant to corrosion and are favored for some car parts, pipelines, ship hulls, and
mechanical projects.
For this one, the strength depends on the concentration of the elements that it contains.
3. TOOL STEEL
Tool steel is famous for being hard and both heat and scrape resistant.
The name is derived from the fact that they are very commonly used to make metal tools, like hammers.
For these, they are made up of things like cobalt, molybdenum, and tungsten, and that is the underlying reason why
tool steel has such advanced durability and heat resistance features.
4. STAINLESS STEEL
Last but not least, stainless steels are probably the most well-known type on the market. This type is shiny and
generally has around 10 to 20% chromium, which is their main alloying element.
With this combination, it allows the steel to be resistant to corrosion and very easily molded into varying shapes.
Because of their easy manipulation, flexibility, and quality, stainless steel can be found in surgical equipment, home
applications, silverware, and even implemented as exterior cladding for commercial/industrial buildings.
MARKET FORMS OF STEEL
(1) Angle Sections: The angle sections may be of equal legs or unequal legs
The equal angle sections are available in sizes varying from 20 mm x 20 mm x 3
mm to 200 mm x 200 mm x 25 mm.
The unequal angle sections are available in sizes varying from 30 mm x 20
mm x 3 mm to 200 mm x 150 mm x 18 mm.
The angle sections are extensively used in the structural steelwork especially in
the construction of steel roof trusses and filler joist floors.
(2) Channel Sections: The channel sections consist of a web with two equal
flanges
channel section is designated by the height of web and
width of flange. These sections are available in sizes
varying from 100 mm x 45 mm to 400 mm x 100 mm.
The Bureau of Indian

Standards has classified
channel sections as junior
channel, light channel and
medium channel and
accordingly they are
designated as I.S.J.C., I.S.L.C.
and I.S.M.C. respectively.
The channel sections are
widely used as the
structural members of the
steel framed structures.
(3) Corrugated Sheets:
These are formed by passing steel sheets through grooves. These grooves bend and press
steel sheets and corrugations are formed on the sheets. These corrugated sheets are
usually galvanized and they are referred to as the galvanized iron sheets or G.I. sheets.
These sheets are widely used for roof covering.
(4) Expanded Metal:
This form of steel is available in different shapes and sizes.
It is prepared from sheets of mild steel which are machine cut and drawn out or expanded.
A diamond mesh appearance is thus formed throughout the whole area of the sheet.
The expanded metal is widely used for reinforcing concrete in foundations, roads, floors,
bridges, etc. It is also used as lathing material and for partitions.
(5) T-Sections:
The shape of this section is like that of letter T and it consists of flange and web as shown in fig.
11-8. It is designated by overall dimensions and thickness. These sections are available in sizes
varying from 20 mm X 20 mm x 3 mm to 150 mm x 150 mm x 10 mm. The corresponding weights
per metre length are 9 N and 228 N respectively.
Fig. 11-8 shows T-section of size 100 mm X 100 mm x 10 mm with weight per m length as 150 N.
The special T-sections with unequal sides, bulbs at the bottom edge of web, etc. are also available.
These sections are widely used as members of the steel roof trusses and to form built-up sections.
(6) I-Sections:
These are popularly known as the rolled steel joists or

beams. It consists of two flanges connected by a web.
It is designated by overall depth, width of flange and
weight per metre length.
They are available in various sizes varying from 75 mm

x 50 mm at 61 N to 600 mm x 210 mm
The R.S. joists are economical in material and they

are suitable for floor beams, lintels, columns, etc. The
economy in material is achieved by concentrating the
material in two flanges where the bending stresses are
maximum.
(7) Plates:
The plate sections of steel are available in different sizes
with thickness varying from 5 mm to 50 mm.
They are used mainly for the following purposes in the structural steelwork:
(i) To connect steel beams for extension of the length;
(ii) To serve as tension members of steel roof truss; and
(iii) To form built-up sections of steel.
(8) Ribbed (HYSD) Bars:
These bars are produced from the ribbed which is a deformed high strength steel.
These bars have ribs or projections on their surface and they are produced by controlled cold
twisting of hot-rolled bars.
Each bar is to be twisted individually and it is tested to confirm the standard requirements.
These bars are also called High Yield Strength Deformed (HYSD) bars.
(9) Round Bars:
These are available in circular cross-sections with diameters varying from 5 mm to 250 mm.
They are widely used as reinforcement in concrete structures, construction of steel grillwork, etc.
The commonly used cross-sections have diameters varying from 5 mm to 25 mm
Thickness: 100 Mm
(10) Square Bars:
These are available in square cross-section with sides varying from 5 mm to 250 mm.
They are widely used in the construction of steel grillwork, for windows, gates, etc.
The commonly use a cross-sections have sides varying from 5 mm to 25 mm.
Size/ 30-40 mm
Dimension
Thickness 4 mm
(11) Flat Bars:
These are available in suitable widths varying from 10 mm to 400 mm with thickness varying from 3 mm to
40 mm.
They are widely used in the construction of steel grillwork for windows and gates.
Cross sections of
hollow steel tubes
with stiffeners.
(13) Thermo-Mechanically Treated Bars
(TMT Bars):
Sudden quenching of red hot steel bars by a

spray of water can produce steel bars with
high strength at the surface with a core of
mild steel.
As the core of the wire is still hot, the heat

inside helps in tempering the surface.
The result is a structure with tempered
martensite on the periphery and a fine
grained ferrite-pearlite at the centre.
The combined strength of these materials

raises the yield point of steel with the high
percentage of elongation at ultimate failure.
TMT bars are also rolled with ribs to increase
the bond strength.
(14) Cold Twisted Deformed Bars (CTD Bars):
These were the first high strength steel bars introduced in

India around I960.
These bars are first hot rolled out of high grade mild steel,
with three or more parallel straight ribs and other
indentations on it.
After cooling, they are twisted by a separate operation so
that the steel is strained beyond the elastic limit and then
released.
This operation raises the yield point of steel for

subsequent tensile or compressive stresses. Thus, its
strength is increased.
Normally welding is not done in this type of steel as the

strength of the steel is increased due to cold working.
(15) Welded Wire Fabrics (WWF):
Welded wire fabric is fabricated from a series of wires arranged at right angles to each other and
electrically welded at all intersections.
It is made from medium tensile steel drawn out from higher diameter mild steel bars. It is much stronger
than mild steel and are available in different width rolls.

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The Bureau of Indian

These are popularly known as the rolled steel joists or

They are available in various sizes varying from 75 mm

The R.S. joists are economical in material and they

The commonly use a cross-sections have sides varying from 5 mm to 25 mm.

Sudden quenching of red hot steel bars by a

As the core of the wire is still hot, the heat

The combined strength of these materials

These were the first high strength steel bars introduced in

This operation raises the yield point of steel for

Normally welding is not done in this type of steel as the

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