REDUKSI DAN

INVERSI
BAHASA INGGRIS PMUI
SKILL 11-12
Pengertian dan Kalimat
A. Reduksi

• a. Adjective clause
• b. Adverbial Clause

B. Inversi

• 1. Kalimat Tanya
• 2. Kalimat dengan place expressions
• 3. Kalimat dengan negative expressions
• 4. Conditionals
• 5. Comparatives
A. Reduksi = Reduce = pengurangan
a. Adjective Clause

Bisa direduksi bila connectornya

sebagai subject
Untuk kalimat yang
Menghilangkan Diganti Ving apabila telah direduksi dan
relative pronoun dan aktif dan V3 bila diapit dua koma, bisa
verb passive berganti posisi di
depan
Adjective clause dengan connectors
sebagai subject

Who Which That

(for people) (for things) (for people or things) is on the table has
four sections.
a. The notebook
S V Adjective connector/subject V
She needs a secretary who types fast b. The notebook which
c. Because the notebook
S Adjective connector/subject V V d. In the notebook
A secretary who types fast is invaluable.
Adjective clause dengan connectors
sebagai object
Whom Which That
(for people) (for things) (for people or things)

The gift selected for the

S V adjective connector/objek S V bride was rather expensive.
I liked the book which you recommended.
a. because
S adjective connector/objek S V V b. was
The book which you recommended was interesting
c. since
d. which we
Sebagai Subject atau Object?
1. The woman who is waving to us is the tour guide.

2. The letter which was written last week arrived today.

3. The pitcher that is on the table is full of iced tea.

4. The woman that I just met is the tour guide

5. The boy whom I called last night is my brother

6. The President of Indonesia whom we respect is a great leader

7. A secret recipe of KFC which Pak Dayan discovered is so rare.

8. Semeru mountain which Hindu people consider as a holy site is located in East Java

9. Do you know the woman who is coming toward us?

10. Asian Games which was held in Indonesia is considered as the most successful sporting event so far.
ringkasan
Note:
Dalam Bahasa Inggris,
terkadang terdapat • The white house, which is located in Washington, is
relative pronoun yang the home of the president.
diapit dengan dua koma
(nonessential)

• 1. The white house, located in Washington, is the

home of the president.
Ada dua kemungkinan: • 2. Located in Washington, the White House is the
home of the president.
Contoh
Hawaii, which consists of eight principal islands, is a favorite vacation sport
1.
2.
Professor Wilson, who teaches Chemistry 101, is an excellent lecturer
1.
2.
The blood orchid, which was the target of the expedition, can only be discovered in the forest of
Borneo
1.
2.
_____ on several different television programs, the witness gave
conflicting accounts of what had happened.
a. He appeared
b. Who appeared
c. Appearing
d. appears
Latihan
_______ 1. We will have to return the merchandise purchased yesterday at the Broadway.
_____ 2. The children sat in the fancy restaurant found it difficult to behave.
3. The brand new Cadillac, purchasing less than two weeks ago, was destroyed in the
accident.

4. The fans who supporting their team always come out to the games in large numbers.
5. The food placing on the picnic table attracted a large number of flies.
6. Impressed with everything she had heard about the course, Marie signed her
children up for it.
7. The passengers in the airport waiting room, heard the announcement of the
canceled flight, groaned audibly.
_______1. The ice cream served in the restaurant has a smooth, creamy texture.
____ 2. The cars are trying to enter the freeway system are lined up for blocks.
3. I just finished reading the novel whom the professor suggested for my book report.
4. I made an appointment with the doctor whom you recommend.
5. The story that you told me about Bob.
6. The neighbors reported the man who was trying to break into the car to the police.
7. These plants can only survive in an environment is extremely humid.
8. The boss meets with any production workers who they have surpassed their quotes.
9. The salesclerk ran after the woman who had left her credit card in the store.
10. The shoes which matched the dress that was on sale.
b. Adverbial Clause
Clause yang berperan sebagai adverb, yang memberikan informasi tentang verb (kata kerja), adjective
(kata sifat), atau adverb.

Dimulai dengan subordinate conjunction seperti when, after, because, dan though

Jenis Adverbial clause

• adverbial clause of time (waktu)
• adverbial clause of place (tempat)
• adverbial clause of cause/reason/result (sebab/alasan/akibat)
• adverbial clause purpose (tujuan)
• adverbial clause of condition (pengandaian)
• adverbial clause of contrast/consession (pertentangan)
• adverbial clause of manner (cara)
Lanjutan…
Subjek sebelum connector dan setelah connector haruslah sama.

Bila kalimat nomina, maka kita dapat menghapus subjek dan to be nya.
• Misal: when you are ready, you can begin your speech.

Bila kalimat verbal aktif, maka kita dapat mengapus subjek dan mengganti kata kerjanya menjadi
gerund (verb-ing).
• Misal: When you give (giving) your speech, you must speak loudly and distinctly.

Bila kalimat verbal pasif, maka kita dapat mengapus subjek dan kata kerja bantunya (auxiliary verb).
• Misal: When it is needed, the button can be switched.
When _____, you are free to leave.
a. The finished report
b. Finished with the report
c. The repost
d. Is the report finished
Latihan
1. If not completely satisfied, you can return the product to the manufacturer.
2. Steve has had to learn how to cook and clean since left home.
3. The ointment can be applied where needed.
4. Tom began to look for a job after completing his master‟s degree in engineering.
5. Although not selecting for the team, he attends all of the games as a fan.
6. When purchased at this store, the buyer gets a guarantee on all items.
7. The medicine is not effective unless taken as directed.
8. You should negotiate a lot before buy a new car.
9. Once purchased, the swimsuits cannot be returned.
10. Though located near the coast, the town does not get much of an ocean breeze.
B. Inversi

Pengubahan/pembalikan
posisi subject dan verb Dengan beberapa
dalam kalimat catatan
S + Verb
1. Kalimat Tanya dengan Question word
INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS WITH QUESTION WORDS
who what when where why how

Ketika kata tanya digunakan untuk bertanya, maka subjek dan verbnya harus diinversi.
Question word V S?
What are they?
Apa yang datang sebelum subjek adalah auxiliary verbs
jika itu merupakan kalimat verbal.

Ketika kata tanya tersebut digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua klausa, maka subjek dan verbnya
tidak perlu diinversi.
S V question word S V Noun clause (QW+S+V)
I know what they are.
Latihan
1. The phone company is not certain when will the new directors be ready.
2. The professor does not understand why so many students did poorly on the exam.
3. How new students can get information about parking?
4. Where is it the cheapest to get typeset copies printed?
5. Only the pilot can tell you how far can the plane go on one tank of fuel.
The lawyer asked the
6. What type of security does he prefer for his investments? client why____it .

7. Not even the bank president knows when the vault will be opened. a. Did he do
b. Did he
8. How long it has been since you arrived in the United States? c. He did
9. The jury doubts what the witness said under cross-examination. d. Did

10. Do you know why he wants to take an extended leave of absence?

Contoh (S+V )
Apa yang sedang kamu lakukan?
What are you doing?
Saya tau apa yang kamu pikirkan.
I know what you think
I know what you are thinking
I know what you did last summer
Mengapa kamu melakukan itu padaku?
Why did you do it to me?
Saya tahu kenapa kamu lakukan itu kepadaku
I know why you did it to me.
2. Kalimat dengan place Expression
1. kata tunggal yang mengekspresikan place (here, there, nowhere)
• Here is the book you lent me
• Nowhere have I seen such beautiful weather

2. Saat place of expression dibutuhkan untuk melengkapi kalimat

• in the forest are many exotic birds.
• In the classroom were some old desks.
• In the classroom, some students discussing the problem
Ringkasan
INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS WITH PLACE EXPRESSIONS
Ketika ungkapan yang menunjukkan tempat tersebut sifatnya necessary. Maka subjek dan verbnya
diinversi.
Place (necessary) V S
In the classroom were some old desks. On the second level of the
parking lot_____
Namun jika ungkapan yang menunjukkan tempat tersebut merupakan informasi tambahan
(kata keterangan) maka subjek dan verbnya tidak perlu diinversi. a. Is empty
b. Are empty
Place (extra), S V c. Some empty stalls are
In the classroom, I studied very hard.
d. Are some empty stalls
Latihan
1. In front of the house were some giant trees.
2. There a big house is on the corner.
3. In the cave was a vast treasure of gems and jewels.
4. Around the corner are the offices that you are trying to find.
5. At the Italian restaurant was the food too spicy for my taste.
6. Nowhere in the world farmers can grow such delicious food.
7. In the backyard the two trees are that need to be pruned.
8. Around the recreation hall and down the path are the tents where we will be staying this week.
9. In the apartment next to mine a man and a woman were having a heated discussion.
3. Kalimat dengan “Negative”
Subject dan verb bisa diinversi bila terdapat certain negatives and related expression yang
mengawali kalimat

• Not once did I miss a question

• Never has Mr. Johnes taken a vacation
• At no time can the woman talk on the phone

Certain word dengan meaning almost negative bila mengawali kalimat juga perlu diinversi

• Hardly ever does he take time off

Dengan Neither and Nor

• I do not want to go, and neither does Tom

• The secretary is not attending the meeting, nor is her boss
 Ringkasan
Only in extremely dangerous INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS WITH NEGATIVES
situations_____stopped

Berikut ini adalah daftar kata yang merujuk pada negatives atau
„almost’ negatives. Jika
a. Will be the printing presses kata ini berada mendahului verb, maka subjek dan verbnya wajib
b. The printing presses will be diinversi.
c. That the printing presses will be
d. Will the printing presses be
no not never neither nor
barely hardly only rarely scarcely
seldom
Verb
Auxiliary (be, Have, Do)
Ordinary (Work, Walk….)
+) You have been working as an interpreter for 10 years
-) You have not been working as an interpreter for 10 years
?) Have you been working as an interpreter for 10 years?
Latihan (verb + subject)
______ 1. Never the boy wrote to his sisters.
____ 2. On no occasion did they say that to me.

3. Steve did not win the prize, nor did he expect to do so.
4. Only once in my life gone I have to New York City.
5. Did he go out of the house at no time.
6. Seldom their secretary has made such mistakes.
7. No sooner has she hung up the phone than it rang again.
8. Sheila did not arrive late for work, nor she left early.
9. Barely had he finished the exam when the graduate assistant collected the papers.

10. The police did not arrive in time to save the girl, and neither did the paramedics.
4. Conditionals
Terdapat tiga tipe conditional sentence
• Type 1 (if Simple present, Simple future atau dibalik) / if Subject verb1 s/es + o, S + will/shall
• Type 2 (if simple past, simple past future) / If S V2 , S would /should +V1
• Type 3 (if past perfect, past future perfect) / If S had + V3 O, S would/should + have + V3

Yang bisa diinversi adalah yang ada kata had, should, dan were

Menghilangkan if dan menubah posisi subject

• If he had taken more time, the result would have been better.
• Had he taken more time, the result would have been better
• I would help you if I were in a position to help
• I would help you were I in a position to help
• If you should arrive before 06.00, just give me a call
• Should you arrive before 06.00, just give me a call
were
If I were a boy, I would die
If I had wings, I would fly to your heart
If I had met you, I would have married you
Passive voice (“Be”+V3)
Be Is/am/are Was/were Been Being

A. She loves him

P. He is loved by her

A. She has cooked Rendang for 3 days

B. Rendang has been cooked by her for 3 days

A. Pak Reno will love her

P. She will be loved (by Pak Reno)

A. People have used computer in their daily life

P. Computer has been used by people in their daily life
Kesimpulan
INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS WITH CONDITIONALS The report would have been
Terdapat beberapa jenis kalimat pengandaian. Jika dalam kalimat dalam klausa if accepted ______in checking its
mengandung kata had, should, dan were, maka subjek dan verb nya dapat accuracy.
diinversi/dibalik dengan cara menghapus if kemudian memindahkan kata had,
should, atau were menjadi di depan subjek. Cara paling mudah adalah
menganggap had,
a. If more care
b. More care had been taken
should, dan were memiliki fungsi sama seperti if. c. Had taken more care
d. Had more care been taken
had should were

Sebelum diinversi: If he were here, he would help.

Setelah diinversi: Were he here, he would help.

Latihan
_______ has he enough vacation days left this year, he will take two full weeks off in December.
. Had we been informed of the decision, we might have had something to say about it.
. I would like to know could you help me pack these boxes.
. He would have been in big had not he remembered the assignment at the last minute.
. If your friends come to visit, will they stay in a hotel or at your house?
. He might be a little more successful today were he a little more willing to do some hard work.
. Should you ever visit this town again, I would be delighted to show you around.
. Do you think that she would give the speech were she asked to do so?
_______.Were our neighbors a bit more friendly, it would be somewhat easier to get to know them.
5. Comparison
Kalimat komparatif • My sister spends more hours in the office than John
(perbandingan) • My sister spends more hours in the office than John does
juga bisa di
• My sister spends more hours in the office than does John
konversi.

Ketiganya • Rudy has worked much harder than his brother

benar/perlu • Rudy has worked much harder than his bother has
familiar • Rudy has ………………………………………….than has his brother

• John and Jenny sang far better than their rival

Extra example • John ………………………………………than their rival did
• John ………………………………………than did their rival
Kesimpulan
INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS WITH COMPARISONS

The result of the current

Dalam kalimat perbandingan, kita akan menemukan kata more/-er. Kalimat yang
mengandung perbandingan juga wajib mengandung kata THAN. Lihat contoh di bawah experiment appear to be more
untuk mengetahui kalimat yang diinversi/dibalik dalam perbandingan. consistent than _____ the
result of any previous test.

a. Them
S V comparison S V b. Were
We were more prepared than the other performers were. c. They were
d. Were they
S V comparison V S
We were more prepared than were the other performers.

Catatan: Subjek-verb yang diinversi terdengar lebih formal.