UEEEL0025 –

TEST AND
CONNECT
TITLE
TRANSFORMERS
Assessment task 1
At the end of this presentation the students will be
ready for AT1

2
 TRANFORMERS:

Photo: John Hinde

3
Transformers can be bigger than this…
…and smaller than this

5
…and as ugly as this!

6
Electrical distribution

Distribution video

7
 High voltage safety!!!
1
Safety Video

8
 Introduction
• Transformers
– Work on AC only
– Operate on the principle of mutual induction
– For maximum mutual inductance the primary and
secondary coils should be at unity.
– Generally over 90% efficient
– Used to step up or down the voltage or to isolate the
voltage.
– Applications range from DVD player power supplies to
supplying a whole city

9
 TRANFORMERS: PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

• The frequency of the secondary winding is the same

as the primary winding.
• They are used for isolation and “level shifting” of
both voltages and currents.
• They are used in the supply industry to economically
transport electricity over large distances.
• They operate by using the principle of operation
called “Mutual Induction” (Faraday’s law).

10
 Classes of transformers
• There are four classes of transformers,
these being
• 1. power
• 2. volt-ampere
• 3. custom
• 4. instrument.
 Classes of transformers
• Power Transformers:
• Find application in the power
transmission and distribution industries.
They have the highest power rating and
continuous voltage delivery rating of all
classes of transformers. Power
transformers are used to feed the
generated voltage from an alternator
through a distribution system to a final
consumer.

12
 Classes of transformers
• Volt-Ampere Transformers: Volt ampere
transformers have ratings below 300VA.
Transformers in this class consist of many
different types, with many different
applications. They are used to supply power to
other electrical and electronic systems.

13
 Classes of transformers

• Custom Transformers: There are various

applications for the electromagnetic property
of induction. Custom transformers include
high reactance (leakage), constant voltage/
Ferro resonant, autotransformers and
isolation transformers.

14
 Classes of transformers
• Instrument Transformers: These devices act as
isolating transformers enabling the person doing the
electrical monitoring to be isolated from contact with high-
voltage line pressure and current. The two types are Current
and Potential.
Voltage transformer

15
 Double Wound Transformer

Supply Load

The winding (coil) connected to the supply is called the PRIMARY

The winding (coil) connected to the load is called the SECONDARY
A transformer may have more than one secondary winding
NOTE: There is no electrical connection between the Primary and
the Secondary

16
 Double Wound Transformer

Load 1
Supply
Load 2

The winding (coil) connected to the supply is called the PRIMARY

The winding (coil) connected to the load is called the SECONDARY
A transformer may have more than one secondary winding
NOTE: There is no electrical connection between the Primary and the
Secondary

17
Most transformers use Laminated Silicon Steel Core
Each lamination is coated with a thin layer of insulation to
isolate magnetically the individual laminations.

Laminating the core also reduces eddy currents.

19
 Core construction
•Laminations of silicon steel
are used to form the
magnetic circuit.
•Cold rolled silicon steel is
used for its property of grain
orientation. When
magnetised in line with the
grain more flux is gained.
Hysteresis loss is an Iron
loss.

20
 Operation -Primary only


FARADAY”S LAW
for Induced EMF:
Primary •magnetic field
•conductor
•cutting action

•The supply voltage will force Alternating Current to flow in the primary.
•The resultant magnetic field will be constantly changing in both strength
and direction.
•This field will be cutting the conductors of the Primary Coil.
•An EMF will be produced in itself that opposes the applied voltage at
any instant. This (NO LOAD) current will be very small. (about 3-5% I full
load).
21
 Operation -Primary only


Induced
Primary
Voltage

•With a secondary winding, a voltage is induced in it.

22
 Operation -Primary only

Current

Induced
Primary
Voltage

•With a secondary winding, a voltage is induced in it.

•As current flows in the secondary, this produces a
demagnetising flux.

23
 Operation

Current

Induced
Primary
Voltage

•This tends to reduce the primary flux.

•…which reduces the back emf in the primary…
•…which increases current from supply…
•…which increases core flux back to (almost) its original
value.
•Primary and secondary voltages are approximately 180° out
of phase.
24
 Testing

Primary

•Basic testing: Winding Continuity:

– Terminal to Terminal of primary:
– Terminal to terminal of Secondary:

25
 Testing

Primary

•Basic testing: Insulation Resistance:

– Primary to core: Infinite resistance
– Secondary to core: Infinite resistance
– Primary to Secondary: Infinite resistance
– Video:Testing

26
 TRANFORMERS: TESTING

HV Ins. Tester

 meter

HV Ins. Tester

27
Best time to conduct an insulation
test.
•To prove the insulation integrity the
transformer should be tested Immediately after
shutdown while the transformer is still at its
operating temperature.

28
Making a transformer

29
 Core construction
• Laminations of silicon steel are used to form the magnetic
circuit.
• Cold rolled silicon steel is used for its property grain
orientation.
• Each lamination has an oxide or externally applied layer
which insulates it from the next layer
• Insulated laminations are used to reduce eddy current losses
If the core was solid is would heat excessively
• Laminations are stacked alternately to form the core
• Laminations are clamped together with bands or bolts to
reduce vibrations
• Joints between parts of the magnetic circuit are made by
mitre, butt or interleaving

30
 TRANFORMERS: CONSTRUCTION (CORE TYPES)

Core Type Construction Shell Type construction.

31
 TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION (TYPES of CORES)

U-I shaped iron former. It has a E-I shaped iron former. It has a
lighter core but a greater length parallel path for flux. The centre
of magnetic circuit. It is more core is twice the diameter of the legs.
suitable for high voltage It is more suitable for medium
windings. voltage low frequency windings.

32
 Insulation
Enamel coated wire is used to insulate the turns of a LV transformer winding from each other.
However this ‘varnish’ material is unsuitable for the stresses between the coils, and between the
coils and the laminations (earth). To insulate between the coils and between the coils and ‘earth’,
generally the coils are wound onto a …?

33
 Insulation
Former/Bobbin insulate between winding
and metal core

34
 Insulation
Cellulose Paper/pressboard is commonly used in HV transformers to insulate the transformer
windings from each other and from the laminated core. What is commonly added to transformers
to enhance the insulating properties of the cellulose? Answer=Oil the oil
insulates and cools the
transformer coils.

35
INSULATION TYPES FOR HV AND LV
You can find the following types on insulation used
in transformers

1.Paper
2.Cotton Tape
3.Fibre Tubes
4.Mineral Oil
 Transformer coil types.
Layer/Concentric

Pancake.

Bobbin.

Toroidal.
37
3-Phase transformer cores

A AB C
B
C

N
A
B
C A B N C
38
 3-Phase transformer cores

A AB C
B
C

A phase B phase C phase

Tx Tx Tx

N
A
B
C A B N C
39
 3-Phase transformer cores
Video: how it works
A B C
Phase Phase Phase

3-phase “Core” type transformer:

- Uses less steel than 3 x 1-phase transformers,
therefore it is cheaper to make 3-phase
transformers this way.

40
Australia v America pole
transformer.

41
3-Phase transformer cores
Video: Transformer cores

42
 3-Phase transformer cores
The lower voltage winding is placed closer to the core to provide
more insulation between the core and the high voltage winding.

Higher Voltage
Higher Current
winding

Internal ducts
for oil

Laminated
Iron Core Lower Voltage
winding

45
 Names of winding styles.
Three phase concentric winding on a shell type core

46
 Names of winding styles.
Three phase pancake/disc winding on a shell type core

47
 3-Phase transformer cores
Shell Type construction.

Full Positive

Flux in the outer

limb is the
maximum value
of flux in the Red
phase
Half Negative
48
3-Phase transformer cores

Half Positive

Flux in the outer

limb is the
maximum value
of flux in the
Full Negative Blue phase
49
3-Phase transformer cores

0.866 Positive

0.866 Negative
50
3-Phase transformer cores

Full Positive

Flux in the outer

limb is the
maximum value
of flux in the
Half Negative Yellow phase
51
 TRANSFORMERS: PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Supply side Load side

Magnetic Circuit
(silicone steel)

Primary Winding. Secondary

A number of Winding.
turns insulated A number of
from each other turns insulated
and earth. from each other
and earth.

52
 TRANFORMERS: PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

• Neglecting losses, power in = power out, or more

precisely
VA Primary = VA Secondary. or, V1 x I1 = V2 x I2
VA= Volt Ampere = Volts x Amps (specific to the winding)

V1 I2
or =
V2 I1

53
 TRANFORMERS: PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• More turns on the secondary = more voltage out.
• The Voltage ratio = Turns ratio
V1 N1
=
V2 N2

Note current ratio is always inverse to Voltage ratio

V1 I2
And from =
V2 I1

V1 N1 I2
= =
V2 N2 I1

54
 TRANFORMERS: PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

V1 N1 I2
= =
V2 N2 I1

A 3,300V/240V 10kVA transformer has 100 turns on

the secondary.
(a) How many turns on the primary?
(b) What current will flow in the secondary under full
load?
(c) What current will flow in the primary under full load?

55
 TRANFORMERS: PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

V1 N1 I2
= =
V2 N2 I1

A 240V/36V 1kVA transformer has 780 turns on the

primary.
(a) How many turns on the secondary?
(b) What current will flow in the secondary under full
load?
(c) What current will flow in the primary under full load?
(d) How many turns per volt are there on this Tx?

56
Primary and secondary CSA of the
winding conductors.
V1 N1 I2
= =
V2 N2 I1

Consider the previous calculations: when

the current was calculated it was
inverse to the voltage and turns,
therefore if the current was high the
CSA would need to be large and small
for the low current circuit.
Question? Would the primary or
secondary have the larger CSA on the
step-up transformer?
57
 TRANSFORMERS: PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

V '  4.44  N  max  f

Where: V’ is the value of induced voltage
max is the maximum value of flux

f is the applied frequency

N is the number of turns in the winding

As the induced emf in the primary is almost the same as the applied voltage, we
may substitute V APPLIED in place of V’

58
 Questions
• Q1. A single phase 50HZ transformer has 2050 turns
on the primary winding and 800 turns on the
secondary winding. The net electromagnetic flux
established in the core 1.2 mWb. Calculate the emf
induced in the PRIMARY WINDING?
• Q2. A single phase 50HZ transformer has 3450 turns
on the primary winding and 1050 turns on the
secondary winding. The net electromagnetic flux
established in the core 3.5 mWb. Calculate the emf
induced in the SECONDARY WINDING?
• Q3. If the induced voltage in a transformer winding is
300 volts, what is the maximum flux if there is 2000
turns in the winding and the frequency is 50hz?
59
 Phasor Diagrams – No Load

Primary current-produces Flux flows as per arrows in

magnetising flux. iron cutting both primary and
secondary windings.

Primary Winding.
Current flows in Secondary
the primary Winding. The
winding to set up winding produces
a flux in the iron a voltage because
as shown by the it is cut by the
arrows. flux produced by
Connected to the primary
supply voltage. winding.

Only a small current flows in the primary winding to set

up the flux in magnetic circuit. This is because the “back
EMF” produced by the flux limits the primary current.

60
 Phasor Diagrams – On Load

Φ Φ
When current
flows to an
external load it
produces a flux
that opposes the
primary flux.

The flux produced by current flowing in the secondary winding opposes the
primary flux and tries to reduce it. This produces a tad less back EMF in the
primary winding which allows more primary current. The new level of primary
current returns the net flux back to no-load conditions.

61
 Transformer Phasor diagram
A

C B

E
D

G
Phasor Name

A primary supply voltage

B no load primary current
C iron loss component of the primary current
D magnetising component of the primary current
E mutual magnetic flux
F induced secondary voltage
G self-induced primary voltage

62
 Phasor Diagrams – On Load
(Transformer with = input and output voltage)

Note: The primary current

is a reflection of the
V1 applied primary voltage
I1 primary secondary current both in
I1 ’ I1 actual primary
current reflected
current
magnitude and phase
angle. Don’t forget the
Phase angle of
primary current P no-load current is only
IC iron loss I0 - no load current relatively small in
IMAG -magnetising current comparison to full-load
current.
S
Phase angle of secondary load
I2
secondary
How ispower
currenttransferred from primary to secondary with no electrical connection?
V2 induced secondary voltage
The secondary current is reflected back into the primary winding at the turns ratio and
is added to the primary no load current to give a total primary load current.

63
 TRANFORMERS: LEAKAGE FLUX

Flux flows as per arrows

in iron cutting both
primary and secondary
windings.

Leakage flux.
The flux that is
not in the desired
flux path.

As load is increased on the transformer the amount of leakage flux

increases. This has the effect of lowering the amount of flux that links
the secondary winding. This makes the secondary volts decrease as
load is applied.

64
 TRANFORMERS: LEAKAGE FLUX

Welder
High open circuit voltage
low full load current
Secondary
Leakage Flux

Primary

•Many welders are designed to produce leakage flux.

•This causes a high voltage drop under load, and reduces load current.

65
 TRANFORMERS: LEAKAGE FLUX

Welder
High open circuit voltage
and high full load current

Secondary Leakage Flux

Primary

Many welders are designed to produce leakage flux.

Moving the coil down, increases load current

66
 TRANFORMERS: LEAKAGE FLUX

Some other transformers that rely on leakage flux:

•Microwave ovens
•Gas discharge lighting

67
 TRANFORMERS: REGULATION

Secondary voltage

Ideal

Low leakage flux

The transformer’s
secondary voltage drops High leakage flux
off as it is loaded because
of leakage flux and IR
drop.
Secondary current

68
 TRANFORMERS: REGULATION

• The voltage regulation of a transformer can be found from the

following formula: VNL  VFL
REGULATION %  100
VFL

• Perfect regulation would be 0%. A low value of regulation

would be expected from a power transformer.
• To obtain perfect regulation a tap changer is employed on
large distribution transformers.
• Calculate: A12kv/600v transformer operating at 0.9 power
factor has a full load secondary voltage of 570 calculate the
voltage regulation.

69
TRANFORMERS: TAP CHANGER
Teacher: Show big transformer and transfer of energy through power lines.

The tap changer

is normally
located in the
HV winding as
it has to switch
less current.

70
 Supply Voltage and Automatic Tap Changers
• Offline tap change is done manually at the transformer.
• Automatic tap change is achieved on various distribution
transformers to maintain a constant voltage as the load
changes.
A voltage regulator senses the output voltage and if required,
changes the tapping to increase or decrease the voltage.
The tap is changed (increasing or decreasing the number of
turns) usually in the low current winding.
This can be the Primary or the Secondary winding

71
LV winding

Core type
Tap Changer

HV Winding
 TRANFORMERS: MULTIPLE WINDINGS

105%
100% Secondary
95% 240V
winding
Secondary Primary 120V
Primary Secondary
winding winding
winding winding
120V

Tapped Primary Centre Tap

Winding Secondary

74
 TRANFORMERS: MULTIPLE WINDINGS

105%
100%
Secondary
90V
95% 240V winding
Primary Secondary Primary
winding winding winding
Secondary
90V
winding

Tapped Secondary Isolated

Winding Secondary
windings

75
TRANFORMERS: MULTIPLE WINDINGS

Note the 117 V

primary winding
has a
combination of
secondary
outputs.

76
TRANFORMERS: CONSTRUCTION (CORE TYPES)

Flux doesn’t like sharp corners

 

P
S

77
 C-Cores

The Toroidal or “C” core is made

from a continuous strip of silicon
steel lamination. It is wound
around a former. It is then cut in
Windings half and the two faces are ground
and polished for a close fit.

It has the advantage that the grain

in the iron is in the same
direction as the flux allowing for a
higher flux density.

78
C-Cores

Also, corners are minimised

Windings
Video o

Hose clamp, or similar

79
 C-Cores

C-Cores can align the

grain in the steel, and
create a stronger flux

80
Toroidal cores
Video: how its made.

81
Toroidal cores

Toroidal cores have no

corners, and the grain is
aligned, creating higher
values of flux, thus
smaller transformers
for any kVA values.
Also, they have a low
profile.

82
Toroidal cores

… and current transformers. 83

 WINDING TYPES

Secondary

Primary

Secondary

Primary

This transformer is BIFILAR wound.

This reduces leakage flux even further.
It usually cant be done due to insulation requirements.

84
 AUTOTRANSFORMER
Have winding that is both electrically
and magnetically interconnected

This is a single
phase
autotransformer
from a test bench.

85
 Isolation transformer.
A device designed directly for the conversion of alternating
current, and also voltage is called a transformer. If it uses
the same voltage at both the output and the input, then
this is an isolation transformer.
1:1 primary to secondary winding turn ratio.

86
 Isolation transformer.
• A safety isolating transformer does not use
grounding, the person will not harm himself
even in the case of touching.

87
 Isolation Transformers
• Isolation transformers
provide galvanic
isolation and are used to
protect against electric
shock, to suppress
electrical noise in
sensitive devices
• To transfer power
between two circuits
which must not be
electrically connected.

88
Neon sign High-reactance (leakage)
transformer.
A neon-sign transformer (NST) is a transformer made
for the purpose of powering a neon sign. They convert
line voltage from the 120-347 V up to high voltages, in
the range of 2 to 15 kV.

89
 Single and Three
Phase Transformers
• 2. Explain and determine the main
parameters of a transformer.

•% Impedance
•Open Circuit and Short Circuit tests
•Equivalent Circuit
•Voltage regulation
•Losses
•Efficiency

90
 Power losses
• Transformer efficiency is typically in the 90 -
98% range
• No moving parts
• The three basic losses are,
– Copper losses (winding resistance)
– Iron Losses (reluctance to magnetic change)
– I²R Losses (heat due to winding resistance
increase as current increase)

91
 Iron losses
•Iron losses are Eddy currents and hysteresis
loss and it depend on the Supply frequency and
Primary voltage.
•As frequency and voltage remain constant from
no-load to full-load, Iron losses remain constant
from no-load to full-load.

92
 Open circuit test

A Wattmeter
Rated
V
Voltage

•Secondary is open circuit

•As there is no load current Io is the only current flowing
•Copper(Cu) losses are negligible at no-load
•Wattmeter will measure the iron losses 93
 Open circuit test

A Wattmeter
Rated
V
Voltage

•Determines:
–Iron Losses
–No load current, and its power factor / phase angle
Video: Transformer testing

94
 SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

A Wattmeter

V A

As the voltage is very low, the core

flux is very low, and Iron losses
The wattmeter indicates the
are negligible. Thus, any losses
COPPER LOSSES
indicated on the wattmeter are
copper losses
95
 SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
Teacher: demonstrate an open and short circuit
test.

Short Circuit Test can determine:

• Copper losses at full load
• Percentage Impedance = %Z

96
 SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Only a small voltage is

The percentage of primary
required to obtain rated full load
voltage required to obtain rated
current.
secondary current will be about
Because of this the iron losses are
3-5%. This value is called the %Z
small and can be ignored.

97
 SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

eg. 7 volts are required to

circulate full load current in the
secondary of a 240V/32V transformer.

%Impedance = Test voltage/Primary rated voltage x 100

%Z = (7/240) x 100 = approximately 3% impedance.

98
 Percentage impedance
Determine the percentage impedance of a three phase
11000V to 5000 volt transformer returned the following
results during a short circuit test. Supply voltage of 75
volts created full load current to flow in the secondary
winding under short circuit conditions.

%Impedance = Test voltage/Primary rated voltage x 100

99
 Losses and Efficiency
• In general transformers are very efficient. Large distribution
transformers operate at an efficiency of about 98%.
• The losses produce heat. Electrical energy is converted to
thermal energy. This heat needs to be dissipated (a topic
soon to be addressed).

Losses

Copper Iron

100
 TRANFORMERS: EFFICIENCY

• Efficiency:
POUT
%   100
OR PIN
POUT
%   100
POUT  Losses
OR

POUT
%   100
POUT  PCU  PFE
• NOTE: Efficiency is maximum when Cu losses = Fe losses.

101
 TRANFORMERS: EFFICIENCY

• Calculate;
• The full load efficiency of a 500KVA
transformer having an iron loss of 2.5 Kw and
a full-load copper loss of 4.5 KW

102
Open and Short Circuit Test

X100
Note: VL is the secondary voltage

103
 AS/NZS3000 refers to the rules regarding the
installation of transformers.
• a) What clause states that an isolation transformer
be used to protect against electric shock arising
from indirect contact?
• b) What clauses specify the safety requirements for
a transformers secondary winding which may have
extra low voltage, low voltage or a high voltage
output?
• c) Autotransformers shall not be used to supply
electrical equipment having a voltage rated less
that the supply voltage?

104
 AS/NZS3000 refers to the rules regarding the
installation of transformers.
• a) What clause states that an isolation transformer
be used to protect against electric shock arising
from indirect contact? 7.4.2(a)
• b) What clauses specify the safety requirements for
a transformers secondary winding which may have
extra low voltage, low voltage or a high voltage
output? 4.14.2.2
• c) Autotransformers shall not be used to supply
electrical equipment having a voltage rated less that
the supply voltage? 4.14.4

105
 Transformer Output Power
A delta/star step down transformer supplies a
load of 600 amps at 400 volts and at a 0.65
power factor to a factory. Determine the
minimum rating for the transformer if an
allowance of 20% is required for future
expansion.

106
 Transformer Output Power
Power = √3 x VL x IL
plus % increase

Power = √3 x 400 x 600

= 415 692 VA
plus 20%
= 498 830 VA
Scenario 1
If the output wattmeter reading was less than the kVA rating
of the transformer it would mean? That the load is not to
great.
Scenario 2
If the load power factor reduced (became more lagging)
what could this cause? The transformer would have a
voltage drop and possibly overload. 107
 Note.

• Transformers are rated in VA’s and not

Watts because the transformer
manufacturer doesn’t know what load
(power factor) will be connected.

108
 Single and Three
Phase Transformers
• 3. Describe the methods used to cool a
transformer

•Cooling methods
•Properties of oil
•Oil tests

109
 Small portable Low Voltage
transformers rely on air flow and
heat sinks to remove the heat.

110
Cooling Fins
Cooling Fins
Transformer Cooling

Fans can be used to

increase the output of the
transformer. The fans
assist in cooling the oil.

Pumps are often used to

assist in circulating the oil
to remove the heat quicker
as natural convection is a
slower process.

113
True winding temperature
indicator.

114
Medium in contact with Symbol
windings
Mineral Oil O
Synthetic liquid L
Gas G
Air A
Solid Insulant S
Cooling medium in Contact
with the External Cooling
System
Air A
Water W
Type of Circulation
Natural N
Forced (oil not directed) F
Forced Directed D
 Transformer cooling
• AN – Air Natural (natural air circulation is used)
• AF – Air Forced (fan blown air)
• ON – Oil Natural (natural oil circulation is used)
• OF – Oil Forced (oil circulated under pressure from a
pump)

Note; If cooling fails the KVA rating decreases

116
 Cooling basics ONAN
Hot oil flows from the bottom to cooler oil at the top this flows through the
cooling tubes (Convection cooling) through thermosiphon to the bottom to
keep it all cool

 ONAN – Oil Natural

Air Natural

Besides acting as an insulating agent, oil is added to transformers to

cool the transformer by moving the heat from the coils to the tank
walls by convection currents and using low viscosity oil
117
 Transformer COOLING
•ONAN – Oil Natural Air
Natural

118
 Transformer cooling
•OF – Pump used to
pump oil

119
 Transformer Oil

• Transformer oil is a mineral oil that is a very good

insulator, coolant and has lubricating properties
• Problems:
– Transformer oil is hygroscopic (has an affinity for moisture)
– Oil oxidises (reacts with oxygen), producing acid residues and
sludge

121
 Transformer Oil

Tests:
 Dielectric breakdown – ie. insulation qualities

 Acid content (mg KOH required to neutralize the acid in

one gram of oil)

 “Interfacial tension” - presence of paint, varnish, paper,

cellulose insulation
 Colour - indicates quality, aging, presence of

contaminants
 Water content - parts per million

122
 Breakdown voltage test

Oil Sample

The BDV (breakdown voltage test), is

used for testing the dielectric strength of
the oil.
123
 Single and Three
Phase Transformers
• 4. Describe the function and operation of the
auxiliary equipment used on transformers

•Bushings
•Explosion vents
•Surge diverters
•Tap changers
•Conservator
•Breathers
•Gas relays
•Temperature indicators

124
Bushings

125
 Bushings

Photo: Ralph Dean

Terminal bushings

127
 Terminal bushings
• To connect the high voltage conductors to the
internal transformer windings and insulate the
conductors from the transformer metal tank.
• High voltage transformer bushings are normally oil
filled.
• Sometimes a bushing may incorporate a current
transformer in its construction.
• Video:bushings

128
 tap changer
Photo: Ralph Dean
 Tap changer.
To ensure output
voltage remains
constant as output
load varies, a
method must be
included in the
transformer to allow this
to occur.

Photo: Ralph Dean

 Motor to turn tap
changer in here

Photo: Ralph Dean

 Motor to turn tap changer

Photo: Ralph Dean

off-load tap changers

133
 Conservator

Photo: Ralph Dean

Conservator
Conservator

The conservator is to
accommodate the
expansion and contraction
of the oil as the
transformer heats up and
cools down.
It holds enough oil to keep
the main tank full and
limits the surface area in
contact with the air (limits
moisture/oxygen
absorbing)
The conservator and breather

Conservator

Explosion Vent

Cooling Fins

137
Breather + Silica Gel

To prevent
moisture in the air
contaminating the
oil.

Photo: Ralph Dean

 Breather + Silica Gel

Photo: Ralph Dean

Breather + Silica Gel
 The conservator and breather
•Insulating oil should not be permitted to come into contact with the
open atmosphere as this will contain moisture.
•Any minute amount of moisture causes a great deterioration in its
insulating properties. Consequently, to prevent moisture in the air
contaminating the oil, the conservator is allowed to breathe through
an air dryer known as a Breather.
•This consists of a small vessel containing silica-gel which acts as a
drying agent.
•The silica-gel which should be blue in colour may be inspected
through a glass window. When the colour has changed from blue to a
whitish-pink by the absorption of moisture, the charge must be re-
activated by heating it in a warm oven.

141
 Buchholz Relay
• A mechanically operated protective device
which is fitted in the connecting pipe between
the main tank and the conservator to detect
gas production caused by fault conditions
within the transformer.

142
 Buchholz Relay

Photo: Ralph Dean

Photo: Ralph Dean
 WTI and OTI of Transformer
The WTI means winding temperature Indicator and OTI
means Oil Temperature Indicator which indicates the winding
temperature & oil temperature of the transformer and operates
the alarm.

145
 Oil / Core temperature indicators and alarms

Photo: Ralph Dean

Explosion vent.
To prevent the damage to the transformer due to a
rapid and unexpected internal pressure rise within
the Transformer.

147
Surge Diverters

Voltage dependent
resistors wired across the
incoming line to earth on a
transformer, and conduct
to earth if the voltage rises
significantly above normal.
 11kV surge diverters

• Connected from the HV side to earth

149
 Name plate information.
Nameplate Info

VA Rating
Number of Phases
Primary Voltage
Secondary Voltage
Percentage Impedance
Oil type and quantity
Tapping Information
Insulation Class
Cooling Method
Connection Arrangement
Name Of Manufacturer
Vector diagrams
Tank Weight
CT Details
150
Assembly of a 45MVA 132KV
to 11KV Transformer
152
 Tap changer and
electrical cabinet covers
removes
153
HV and LV bush
with CT are insta

154
Cooling fa
assembly

155
 Oil radiator

Sand filled stiffener for

reducing humming and
vibration.
ase
anger

156
 157
Full radiator system
158
159
t and 160
161
Tapes coming out of one
winding

162
Video- Time-lapse
assembly.

CT connections(red
wires) and Bushing 163
164
Time for a test

165