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Part IV Physics 2023 2024

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Part IV – Physics

EPSC - SCIENCE

ETEEAP 2023-2024
TOPICS

Kinematics
Forces that Causes Motion
Work, Energy, Power
Momentum and Impulse
Universal Law of Gravitation
Pressure
Thermodynamics
Electricity
Sample Footer Text 2
Introduction

Physics defined as a study of


natural laws in the physical world,
such as laws involving force,
energy, and light

3
Modern Physics and Classical Physics
• Classical physics is usually concerned with
everyday conditions
• Classical physics focuses on topics on a
macroscopic scale; these types of issues can
be studied independently and do not need the
aid of the five human senses.
• In contrast, modern science studies the
nature and behavior of particles and energy
through a very sub-microscopic level.
Kinematics Quantities
 Mechanics
 Is the study of motion
 It has two general parts:
a. Kinematics
b. Dynamics
a. Kinematics is the mathematical description of motion
 You can describe motion using kinematic quantities such
as position, speed, and acceleration.
b. Dynamics is the study of the causes of motion
 For example, when an object falls, you can say that
gravity is the cause of its falling motion.
17
 Motion is defined as the movement of KINEMATICS
an object.
 Motion is exhibited by a change in
position.
 There are many ways of describing
motion.
A. Rectilinear motion - an object
traveling in a straight path.
B. Curvilinear motion - an object
traveling in a curved path.
C. Angular motion - an object
traveling at a certain angles.
18
SPEED AND VELOCITY
A car travels 120 kilometers in two
hours. What is the average speed in
kilometers per hour? meter per second?

Given:
Distance = 120 km
Time = 2 hours
Average Speed = ?
60 𝑘𝑚 1000 𝑚 1 h𝑟
𝑥 𝑥 =¿16.67 𝑚 / 𝑠
1 h𝑟 1 𝑘𝑚 3,600 𝑠

19
Important Aspects of Motion
Distance refers to the length between two points

Displacement is not only the length between two points, but also its
direction, which means knowing both the starting as well as the end
points.

Speed is the rate at which distance is covered at a given time

Velocity is the change of displacement within a certain period of time

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity at a given time interval


20
21
Newton’s First Law: Law of Acceleration
showed that an unbalanced force always causes
acceleration and not just motion.

The mathematical expressions of Newton’s second law is :


a=

Force is vector quantity and is in the same direction as the


acceleration.

22
Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
First Law: Law of Inertia
 The tendency of an object to persist in its state of rest
or uniform motion in a straight line is called Inertia.

“every object continues to remain at rest or in


uniform motion in a straight line unless a force
acts on it to change its state”

23
Newton’s Second Law: Law of Acceleration
 The uniform acceleration caused by the gravitational force is
referred to s acceleration due to gravity (g), which is equal to 9.8
m/.
 The relationship between your weight and mass can be obtained
from Newton’s second law of motion; that is,
 if F=ma and F=W, then for a body of mass (m) falling with the
acceleration due to gravity (g),
 the weight (W) is mathematically expressed as: W=mg, where:
W=weight of the object or the gravitational force on the object,
m=mass of the object, g=acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/).
 The mass of the object does not change.
 Because of acceleration due to gravity, an object on the surface of
the moon will only weight 1/6 of its weight on Earth.
24
Newton’s Third Law: Law of Interaction

Newton’s third law indicates that forces


always occurs in pairs.
Action and reaction forces are assigned
arbitrarily.

“For every action, there is an equal or


opposite reaction”
=
=
2/8/20XX 25
WORK
the amount of energy
transferred by a force acting
through a distance in the
direction of the force.

 is a scalar quantity, with SI


units of joules.

26
Work is said to be done when a force (F)
produces motion (distance, d).
W = F d or W = F d Cos θ
The amount of work done depends on the
magnitude of the force and the distance
moved, it follows that:
(a) the greater the force , the greater the
amount of work done;
(b) the greater the distance moved, the greater
the amount of work done.
27
Sample Problem 1
A student lifts a book that weighs 10 N. The book is
lifted 1.5 m. How much work does the student do? W = Fd
Given: F = 10 N, W = 10 N (1.5 m)
d = 1.5 m W = 15 N . m
Sample Problem 2 = 15 Joules
A force of 600 N is applied to a metal box to pull it
15.0 meters across the floor with a rope held at an W = F (Cos θ) d
angle of 46 degree with the floor. How much work is W = (600N) (cos 46)(15m)
done?
W= (600N)(0.6947)(15m)
Given: F = 600N
W = 6,252.3 N.m or Joules
d = 15 m
θ = 46 degree
28
Work Done Against Gravity
The work needed to lift an object of
mass “m” against gravity.

The force of quantity in the object is


simply its:
weight = mg.
W = mgh
work done against gravity
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Energy

Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy • Energy in motion
• Stored energy • It is the motion of
• Energy of Forms waves, electrons,
position of atoms, molecules
(gravitational) Energy and substance
• PE = mgh • KE = ½
• W=mg
• PE = Wh

30
Law of Conservation of Energy

This is an application of the law of conservation of energy which states


that:
energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be
transformed from one form to another.
31
Power
 The rate of doing work.
 In doing work, there are two factors involved:
a. the size of the force (F)
• The bigger the force, the greater the amount of work done.
b. the distance (d)
• The further the distance, the greater the amount of work.
 In equation:
Power = Work done ÷ time interval
 The unit of power is watt.
1 watt = 1 w = 1 J/s
 The kilowatt-hour (kWh) is often used as a unit of work

32
A gardener pushes the A boy has a weight of 500 N
wheelbarrow by exerting a force and can run up a flight of stairs
of 150 N. If the gardener moved in 10 seconds. There are 30
it at a distance of 50 m at a stairs and each of them is of
constant speed for 20 s, what height 16 cm. Calculate the
power does the gardener boy’s power.
develop? Given:
Given: F = 500 N
F = 150 N d = 30 x 0.16 m
d = 50 m t = 10 s
Solution: t = 20 s Solution:
P = Fd ÷ t P = Fd ÷ t
P = 150 N (50 m) ÷ 20 s P = 500 N (4.8 cm) ÷ 10 s
P = 7500 N-m ÷ 20 s P = 2,400 N-m ÷ 10 s
P = 375 watts P = 240 watts
Sample Footer Text 33
MOMENTUM  All objects in motion have
 The product of an object’s mass and momentum.
velocity.  Momentum depends on the mass
 A vector quantity having the direction and velocity of a moving object.
of the object’s velocity.
 Big object has larger momentum
 In equation, ρ = mv
than small object.
• where :
• ρ = momentum  In the case of two objects having
• m = mass of the object equal masses, the object moving
• v = velocity faster has more momentum than
 The unit of momentum is kg-m/sec. the slower object.
34
What is the momentum of an object with m=2.00
kg and v= 40.0 m/s?
Given:
m = 2.00-kg
v = 40.0 m/s
ρ=?

Solution:
ρ = mv
ρ = (2.00 kg)(40.0 m/s)
ρ = 80.0 kg-m/s

35
IMPULSE SAMPLE PROBLEM
The product of force (F) and time (t). A force of 30000 N j is exerted for
4.00 s, on a 95,000 kg mass.
A vector quantity having the direction of What is the impulse of the force
the force. for this 4.00 s?

Impulse is something an object experience Given :


when it interacts with another object. F = 30,000 N
t = 4.00 s
Impulse depends on the force (F) applied I=?
and the time interval (t). m = 95,000 kg
Solution:
Impulse changes momentum in much the Impulse = Ft
same way that the force changes velocity. I = 30,000 N (4 s)
I = 120,000 N-s
36
Conservation of Momentum

 “states that the total Elastic collisions are collisions in which


momentum of an isolated both momentum and kinetic energy are
system is constant unless an conserved.
external force acts on it”
It is a collision in which the colliding objects
 Thus, the initial momentum rebound without lasting deformation or
of an isolated system is equal generation of heat.
to the final momentum.
The total system kinetic energy before the
 In symbol: M1 V1 = M2 collision equals the total system kinetic
V2 energy after the collision.
2/8/20XX 37
Before collision
m1 v1 + m2 v2 An analysis of the kinetic energy of the two objects
(1,000 kg) (20 m/s) + (3,000 kg) (0 m/s) reveals that the total system kinetic energy before the
collision is 800,000 Joules (200,000 J for the car plus
= 20,000 kg-m/s
600,000 J for the truck).

After collision After the collision, the total system kinetic energy is
m1 v1’ + m2v2’ 800000 Joules (800,000 J for the car and 0 J for the
truck).
(1,000 kg) (-10 m/s) + (3,000 kg) (10 m/s)
-10,000 kg-m/s + 30,000 kg-m/s The total kinetic energy before the collision is equal to
= 20,000 kg-m/s the total kinetic energy after the collision.
2/8/20XX 38
In inelastic collision KE (kinetic energy) is not conserved.

A completely inelastic collision is one in which the objects stick


together on impact which results in the maximum possible KE loss.

2/8/20XX 39
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation

Every point mass attracts every single


other point mass by a force pointing along
the line intersecting both points.

The force is proportional to the product of


the two masses and inversely proportional where :
to the square of the distance between them.
F is the force between the masses,
G is the gravitational constant,
The greater the masses (m 1 and m2 ), the
greater is the force of attraction between 6.67X10-11 N.m2 /kg2
them. m1 is the first mass,
m2 is the second mass, and
The greater the distance (r), the weaker is
the force of attraction.
r is the distance between the masses.
40
Newton’s Law of
Universal Gravitation
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Two balls have their centers 2 meters
Given:
apart. One has a mass of 8 kg while G= 6.67X10-11 N.m2 /kg2
the other has a mass of 6 kg. what is m1 = 8 kg
the gravitational force between them? m2 = 6 kg
r=2m
Solution:
F = G (m1 m2 /r2)
= 6.67 x 10-11 N.m2 / kg2 (8 kg x 6kg) / (2 m)2
= 8.004-10 N
41
Sample Problem
PRESSURE What is the resulting pressure of a
Pressure is defined as the amount woman’s shoes on the ground
of force on a unit surface area. 0.003 meter squared if she weighs
500 N? Given:
In symbol: P=?
Pressure = Force ÷ Area F = 500 N
a = 0.003 m2
The unit of pressure is the Pascal
(Pa), equal to 1 N/m squared. Solution:
Pressure = Force ÷ Area
In English system, the unit of P = 500 N ÷ 0.003 m2
P = 1.7 x 105 N/m2
pressure is lb/in squared or psi.
42
PRESSURE IN FLUIDS
 The pressure in a fluid becomes greater with increasing depth because
of the weight of the overlying material.
With the volume of a tank : V = Ah
Weight: w = mg
w = (pv)g = pgAh
 The pressure (Pf) of the fluid exerts on the bottom of the tank is its
weight divided by the area at the bottom.
Pressure of fluid (Pf) = F ÷ A
=W÷A
Pf = pgh
 The pressure difference between the top and the bottom of the tank is
proportional to the heights of the fluid container and to the fluid density.

 The total pressure at the depth (h) in a fluid of density (ρ) is:
P = P external + P fluid
Sample Footer Text 43
The water level in the water tank is 8
m above the tap. What is the
pressure that forces water out from
the tap? (Density of water = 1,000
kg/cu. m) Given:
h=8m
P=?
p = 1,000kg/m3
g = 9.8 m/s2
Solution:
P = hpg
P = 8 m (1,000 kg/m3) (9.8 m/s2)
P = 78,400 Pa

Sample Footer Text 44


 The deep end of a swimming pool has a
depth of 2 meters. What is the pressure
exerted by the water on the bottom at this
depth? The density of water is 1,000 kg/
Given:
h=2m
P=?
p = 1,000kg/m3
g = 9.8 m/s2
Solution:
P = hpg
P = 2 m (1,000 kg/m3) (9.8 m/s2
P = 19,600 Pa

Sample Footer Text 45


BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
 Bernoulli’s principle tells us that where the
velocity of fluid is high, the pressure in it
is low and where the velocity is low, the
pressure is high.
 Bernoulli’s equation is:

 For liquid at rest:


– = Pg (h1 – h2 )

Sample Footer Text 46


BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
 Bernoulli’s principle holds only for steady flow.
If the flow speed is too great, the flow may
become turbulent and results in an “eddy”.
 If the flow is steady, the motion of flow follows
streamlines.
 Streamlines are the smooth paths or trajectories
of the flow of fluid.
 Fluid speeds up when it flows into a narrower
pipe.

Sample Footer Text 47


ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLES

 States that the buoyant force in a


submerged object is equal to the
weight of fluid it displaces.
 Formula:
=g

Where:
= buoyant force
= mass of the fluid
displaced by the
object
Sample Footer Text g = pull of gravity 48
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLES

 Submarines operate using Archimedes


principle by pumping water into or out
of a special chamber to regulate the
depth at which they operate.
 Ships made of steel floats in water
because of their hollow hulls that make
their overall density less than water.

Sample Footer Text 49


Sample Problem:
PASCAL’S PRINCIPLES In a small machine shop, hydraulic
 States that an external pressure exerted on a lift is used to raise heavy equipment for
combined fluid is transmitted uniformly repairs and maintenance. The system has
throughout the volume a small piston with a cross-sectional area
 The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its
of 7.0 x 10-2 m2 and a large piston with a
cross-sectional area of 2.1 x 10-1 m2 . An
internal friction.
engine weighing 2.7 x 103 N is resting on
F = ηAv ÷ s the larger piston. What force must be
 where: applied in order to lift the engine?
η = constant of proportionality Solution:
and the viscosity of the fluid F1 =
Given: F2 =
F1 = 2.7 X 103 N A1 = 7.0 X 10-2 m2 F2 = 900 N
A2 = 2.1 x 10-1 m2 F1 = ?
50
TEMPERATURE and HEAT
Thermodynamics  Temperature is the measure of hotness or
coldness of a body.
 Heat, on the other hand, is the energy that
transfers from a body of higher temperature
to another body of lower temperature.
 Heat is the quantity of thermal energy
absorbed or given off by a body.
 How are these two concepts related?
Temperature indicates the direction in
which heat flows while heat is the actual
energy transferred.
51
THERMAL EXPANSION
 Thermal expansion is proportional to temperature
change in nearly all cases.

 A change in temperature causes most solids to


change its length by an amount proportional to their
original length.

 Change in length = (ά) (original length)


(temperature change)
where:
∆L = change in length
ά = coefficient of linear expansion
L0 = original length
∆T = difference between the final
and initial temperature
52
EXPANSION of SOLID
If parts of a thick glass is heated or  Expansion of solid is considered in
cooled more rapidly than the the design and construction of any
adjacent parts, the expansion or structure that will undergo
contraction that results may break temperature changes.
the glass.
 The principle of the expansion of
For example, pouring hot water into solid also finds applications in
a thick drinking glass may break it. metallic thermometer, thermostats,
and the balance wheel of some
Tight metal covers of glass jars can watches.
be loosened by heating them under  The metal that expands more also
hot water. shrinks more.

53
VOLUME EXPANSION of LIQUID
 Liquids like solids expand with increase in temperature.
 In most cases, the expansion of liquids is greater than that of
solids.

 For example, alcohol (colored) or mercury is used in


thermometers because their expansion is greater that of glass.

 Since liquids do not have shape, but take the shape of their
container, there is only volume expansion. Liquids have
greater coefficients of volume expansion than solids.
54
EXPANSION of GASES
All gases have approximately the same coefficient of
expansion.

The coefficient of expansion of gases is nearly constant at all


temperatures, except for those near the liquefying temperature
of the gas.

The coefficient of volume expansion for gases at 0 oC is 1/273


or 3.663 x 10-3

55
The three units most commonly used in
HEAT measuring the quantity of heat are:
1. Calorie (cal)- quantity of heat
 Heat is an internal energy in transit
required to raise the temperature of 1
from one body of matter to another by gram of water to 1 centigrade
virtue of a temperature difference degree.
between them. 1 kilocalorie (kcal is kg-cal)
= 1000 calories
 If a body of matter does not change
state during the addition or removal of 2. British thermal unit (Btu) – the
heat and neither does work nor has amount of heat required to change
work done on it, the change in its the temperature of one pound of
water through 1 F.
internal energy results in a
corresponding change in temperature. 3. Joule, SI unit of heat

56
SPECIFIC HEAT Specific heat capacities vary widely from
 Different materials need different one substance to another and from one
amounts of heat to change their range of temperatures to another. The
temperature by the same amount. table below lists the specific heat of some
 The amount of energy required to common substances.
raise the temperature of one kilogram Substance J/kg-oC cal/g-oC
Alcohol,ethyl 2,394 0.572
of a substance by one Kelvin is Aluminum 895 0.214
Benzene 1,700 0.406
called its specific heat. Brass 385 0.092
 The unit of measure for specific heat Copper
Glass
392
669
0.093
0.160
is joules per kilogram-Kelvin Gold 134 0.032
Ice 2,093 0.500
(J/kg-K). Iron 439 0.105
Lead 130 0.031
 Another unit of measure of specific Mercury 138 0.033
Silver 234 0.056
heat is calorie per gram degree Steam 2,009 0.480
Celsius (cal/g-oC), where 1 cal = Turpentine
Water
1,720
4,180
0.411
1.000
4.186 J. Zinc 385 0.092

57
 The amount of heat required to raise
its temperature by one degree is How much heat is needed to
known as the heat capacity or raise the temperature of 5 kg of
thermal capacity of a substance. It is
water 10 K?
the product of the mass of the
substance and its specific heat. Given: m = 5 kg
 The transfer of heat from an object C = 4,180 J/kg-K
depends on the object’s mass, the
specific heat and the difference in ΔT = 10 K
temperature between the object and its
surroundings.
Required: ΔQ =?
ΔQ = mCΔT
where :
ΔQ = amount of heat transferred Solution:
m = mass ΔQ = mCΔT
C = specific heat = (5 kg) (4,180 J/kg-K) (10K)
ΔT = change in temperature ΔQ = 209,000 J 58
HEAT TRANSFER
Heat can be transferred from one place to another by
means of:
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
 In conduction heat is transported by successive molecular collision
 and in convection by the motion of a volume of hot fluid from one place to
another.
 Heat transferred by radiation takes place by means of electromagnetic waves,
which requires no material medium for their passage

59
 Three characteristics process that take
place in all heat engines :
1. Heat is absorbed from a source at a
high temperature
2. Mechanical work is done
3. Heat is given of at a lower temperature
 The mechanical equivalent of heat (J)
is numerically equal to the number of
units of mechanical work required to
produce unit quantity of heat.
60
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
 The first law of thermodynamics expresses  The second law of thermodynamics is
the conservation of energy. the physical principles that supplement
“Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but the first law.
may be converted from one form to another.”  The law states that “it is impossible to
 The law states that: “the change in internal construct an engine, operating in a
energy of a system equals the difference repeatable cycle, which does nothing
between the heat taken in by the system and other than take energy from a source
the work done by the system.” and perform an equivalent amount of
work”.
Q = AU + W or Q – W = AU
 The national direction of heat flow is
Net heat input = change in internal energy
+ from a reservoir of internal energy at a
net work output high temperature to a reservoir of
internal energy at a low temperature,
 The heat energy is exactly equivalent to the regardless of the total energy content of
amount of transformed energy.
each reservoir.
61
Electricity
 Charles-Augustin de Coulomb  Introducing a constant proportionality k, this
becomes :
 Conducted the first quantitative work
on electric charges.
 Coulomb was able to show that the force F F = force

between to charged spheres was inversely k= constant of proportionality

proportional to the square of the distance R = charges

between their centers = square of the distance

 Coulomb was able to establish the direct  Coulomb's Law states that: ‘the force of
attraction or repulsion between two small
relationship of F to the and keeping R charged bodies is directly proportional to the
between them constant. product of the two charges and inversely
and F proportional to the square of the distance
between them.”
 Combining the given relationship of F to
and R we have: 62
 Coulomb (C) is the standard What is the magnitude and direction of the
unit for charge force on a charge of that is 5 cm from a
 One coulomb is defined as the charge of ?
amount of charge transferred
Given:
through a point in conductor in
one second by a current of one = =
ampere R = 5 cm = m F=?
Q=lt 𝑄1 𝑄2
𝐹 =𝑘
Q=charge in coulomb 𝑅
2

I = current in ampere
𝐹=(9 𝑥10 ¿ ¿9 𝑁 .𝑚 /𝐶 )¿¿¿¿
t = time in second 2 2
 Experimental results in a
−4
vacuum placed k at a value 𝐹 =7.2 𝑥 10 𝑁
very close to
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

63
Two identical charges repel each other with a (b) The force decreases when the
force of N when they are 20 cm apart. (a) charges are moved apart to
what is the force on each when that are 5 = 0.04
cm apart? (b) when they are 100 cm apart? F = (0.04) (N )
Given: Find: =N
F=N F when R is 5 cm
times what it was before, so the force is
R = 20 cm F when R is 100 cm
N
Solution:
(a) Since the force increases when the charges are
brought closer together to:
= 16
F = (16) (N )
Times what it was before,Fso
=Nthe force is N

64
Electrical Quantities and Units
A. Current B. AC and DC
 Electric current is the movement of  If the current continues to flow in
charged particles in a specific direction. the same direction through the
 The charged particle may be an electron, conducting wire all the time, it is
a positive ion or negative ion, and they called Direct Current (DC)
referred to as current carriers.  This is the kind of current we get
 I is the symbol used for current. from flashlight cells and batteries
 The unit of current is coulomb per
second (C/s), and it is named as ampere  If the current periodically reverses
 The relationship between time, charge the direction in which it is moving,
and current is given as: it is called Alternating Current (AC)
 or
 This is the kind of current we have
in our home.

65
Electrical Quantities and Units
C. Voltage  If the two bodies have the same
charge, work is needed to move
 Also known as electromotive force
them closer.
(emf) or potential difference (pd).  If the two charged bodies are of
 It is the electrical pressure that opposite charge, work is needed
causes current to flow. to them apart.
 Potential Difference is Potential  V is the symbol for voltage
Energy divided by charge.  The relationship between charge,
energy, and voltage is:
 The Potential Energy is the work  or
needed to move a charged body  The unit is J/coulomb
against the electric force, toward
away from another charged.

66
Electrical Quantities and Units
C. Voltage  If the two bodies have the same
charge, work is needed to move
 Also known as electromotive force
them closer.
(emf) or potential difference (pd).  If the two charged bodies are of
 It is the electrical pressure that opposite charge, work is needed
causes current to flow. to them apart.
 Potential Difference is Potential  V is the symbol for voltage
Energy divided by charge.  The relationship between charge,
energy, and voltage is:
 The Potential Energy is the work  or
needed to move a charged body  The unit is J/coulomb
against the electric force, toward
away from another charged.

67
Electrical Quantities and Units
D. Resistance  Resistance of object depends on
four factors: length, cross-
 It is the opposition a material offers
sectional area, resistivity of the
to current.
materials and temperature.
 R is the symbol for resistance.
 All materials offer some resistance
to current but the amount of
resistance differs from each other.
 There are high-resistance and low-
resistance materials.
 More energy is required to move
electrons through high-resistance
materials.
68
Electrical Quantities and Units
E. Resistivity
 The characteristic resistance of a
material is given by its resistivity.
 Resistivity rating allow comparison
of the abilities of different materials
to conduct current.
 The relationship of resistance (R) to
length (l), cross-sectional area (A)
and resistivity () is:
𝑅𝐴
𝑙=
𝜌
69
Sample Problem 𝜋𝑑
2 −3
( 3.14)(1.5 𝑥 10 m )
2
𝐴= 𝐴=
 The What is the electric resistance 4 4
−6 2
of a silver wire 0.50 m long with a 𝐴=177 𝑥 10 𝑚
diameter of 1.5 mm if the resistivity
of silver is 𝜌 𝑙 ( 1.59 𝑥 10 −8
Ω − m ) ( 0 ,50 𝑚 )
𝑅= 𝑅= −6 2
 Given: 𝐴 177 𝑥 10 𝑚
l = 0.50 m

d = 1.5 mm x
=m
= -m

𝜌𝑙
𝑅=
𝐴
70
Simple Circuit
 An electric circuit is a conducting loop in which a current can transfer
electrical energy from a suitable source to a useful load.
 It has four essential parts.
1. A source or supply to provide the voltage needed to force current
through the circuit. (e.g., battery)
2. Conductors through which the current can travel (e.g., copper wire, gold
wire, etc.)
3. A load is a device that converts electrical energy into some other useful
forms (e.g., light bulb). Different loads have different amounts of
resistance
4. A control device or switch which continues or discontinues the flow of
electric current through the circuit (e.g. push button, etc. )

71
 A simple electric circuit can be Simple Circuit
drawn using only symbols.
 The drawing, which shows how
parts are connected together, is
called schematic diagram.

72
Understanding Ohm’s Law
 Geong Simon Ohm discovered  While we can calculate
the relationship between three the current, voltage and
electrical quantities (current, resistance
voltage and resistance) mathematically, there are
devices which can give
 The relationship is known as
us measurements of
Ohm’s Law, which states that:
these three quantities in
“current is directly proportional
a circuit.
to the voltage and inversely
1. Ammeter – measures
proportional to the resistance”.
current in amperes
2. Ohmmeter – measures
resistance in ohms
3. Voltmeter – measures
voltage in volts
73
Sample Problem Sample Problem
 How much current flows through  What is the resistance of a lamp
a lamp with resistance 90 when which allows 0.8 A current when
it is connected to a 220-V outlet? 110.0 V is applied to it?
 Given: Find:  Given: Find:
R= 90 I=? I= 0.8 A R= ?
V= 220-V V= 110-V

74
Power in a Circuit
 Power (P) is the rate of energy  Let us substitute in it will yield:
transfer.
 It is equal to the product of the
current (I) and voltage (V):
 P=IV  On the other hand, if we substitute
 The unit is watt (W), when V=IR in P = IV, it will yield
voltage is volts (V) and current
is in amperes (A)
 If you express the previous
formula in terms of I and V, the
formula for the current and
voltage respectively, will be
and
75
Sample Problem Sample Problem
 The heating element in a clothes
 What is the power input dryer is rated at 5kW and 220-V.
to an electric heater that How much current does it draw?
draws 3A from a 220-V  Given: Find:
P= 5kW I= ?
outlet?
= 5,000 W
 Given: Find:
V= 220-V
I=3A P=?
V= 220-V

76
Multiple – Load Circuits
A. Series Circuit
 It has two or more loads but current 3. The total resistance is equal to the
flows through a single conducting sum of the individual resistances
path. • That is,
 Rules for resistance in series  In series circuit, if any part of the circuit is
1. The current flows through each open, current stops flowing and voltage and
resistance is the same as the total power are removed from all loads
current throughout the circuit.  One way to determine which load is open it
to measure the individual voltages
 That is,  The voltage drop of the load that is open is
2. The sum of all the individual voltage equal to the entire source voltage.
drops is the same as the applied  A good example are some type of
electromotive force (emf) or voltage Christmas Light, when one bulb burns out,
all the rest go out.
• That is,
77
Multiple – Load Circuits
B. Parallel Circuit
 It has more than one path for current
flow.
 Rules for resistance in parallel 3. The reciprocal of the total resistance
1. The total current flows through the I equal to the sum of the reciprocals
circuit is equal to the sum of the of the separate resistances.
currents in the separate resistances • That is,
• That is,
 A parallel circuit allows operation of
2. The potential drop in each resistor is
other loads even if one load fails.
the same as the magnitude of the
 The electric circuit used in homes
applied electromotive force.
consists of many parallel circuits.
• That is,

78
Multiple – Load Circuits
C. Simple Network
 Some resistor are arranged in a
combination of both series and
parallel circuits, and of different
electromotive force, called network.
 Examples are electrical wirings used
in big buildings and structures.
 In the illustration,
 there is one source of electromotive
force.
 One resistor (, is in the series with
the other resistor, and , which are in
parallel

79
Given: Unknown:
Sample Problem 20 Ω
0Ω , and
 A TV set, a stove and a Ω , and
flatiron are connected in 105
series to a 220-V line. The
From Ohm’s Law
resistance of the TV set is
) = 42 V
20 Ω, the stove, 50 Ω, and
the flatiron, 35 Ω.
2.10 – A
 Find: Since in a series circuit, the ) = 105 V
 The total resistance amount of circuit flowing in
each device is the same as the
 Amount of current total current flowing in the
flowing in each device line ) = 73.5 V
 Voltage drop across = 2.10-A Total voltage is about = 220 V
each device.
80
Given: Unknown:
Sample Problem
 A refrigerator and a rice
cooker are connected in
parallel to a 220-V line.
Since it is Parallel
The current in the
refrigerator is 10-A and the
From Ohm’s Law
rice cooker is 4 A. Find:
(a) The resistance of each 5 + 2
22 Ω
device. (7) = (1) (110 Ω)
(b) The total resistance = = 15.71 Ω

(c) The current flowing in the 55Ω


line.

81
Find the combined The combined resistance is
Sample Problem resistance for and , now series with , the
which is parallel combined resistance is
 Given this network: now:

8.88 Ω

Using the Ohm’s Law the


total current is:

) (8) = (1) (15 Ω)


 Find: = = 1.88 Ω
(a) The combined resistance 12.4 A
(b) The total current
82

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