Part IV Physics 2023 2024
Part IV Physics 2023 2024
Part IV Physics 2023 2024
EPSC - SCIENCE
ETEEAP 2023-2024
TOPICS
Kinematics
Forces that Causes Motion
Work, Energy, Power
Momentum and Impulse
Universal Law of Gravitation
Pressure
Thermodynamics
Electricity
Sample Footer Text 2
Introduction
3
Modern Physics and Classical Physics
• Classical physics is usually concerned with
everyday conditions
• Classical physics focuses on topics on a
macroscopic scale; these types of issues can
be studied independently and do not need the
aid of the five human senses.
• In contrast, modern science studies the
nature and behavior of particles and energy
through a very sub-microscopic level.
Kinematics Quantities
Mechanics
Is the study of motion
It has two general parts:
a. Kinematics
b. Dynamics
a. Kinematics is the mathematical description of motion
You can describe motion using kinematic quantities such
as position, speed, and acceleration.
b. Dynamics is the study of the causes of motion
For example, when an object falls, you can say that
gravity is the cause of its falling motion.
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Motion is defined as the movement of KINEMATICS
an object.
Motion is exhibited by a change in
position.
There are many ways of describing
motion.
A. Rectilinear motion - an object
traveling in a straight path.
B. Curvilinear motion - an object
traveling in a curved path.
C. Angular motion - an object
traveling at a certain angles.
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SPEED AND VELOCITY
A car travels 120 kilometers in two
hours. What is the average speed in
kilometers per hour? meter per second?
Given:
Distance = 120 km
Time = 2 hours
Average Speed = ?
60 𝑘𝑚 1000 𝑚 1 h𝑟
𝑥 𝑥 =¿16.67 𝑚 / 𝑠
1 h𝑟 1 𝑘𝑚 3,600 𝑠
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Important Aspects of Motion
Distance refers to the length between two points
Displacement is not only the length between two points, but also its
direction, which means knowing both the starting as well as the end
points.
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Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
First Law: Law of Inertia
The tendency of an object to persist in its state of rest
or uniform motion in a straight line is called Inertia.
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Newton’s Second Law: Law of Acceleration
The uniform acceleration caused by the gravitational force is
referred to s acceleration due to gravity (g), which is equal to 9.8
m/.
The relationship between your weight and mass can be obtained
from Newton’s second law of motion; that is,
if F=ma and F=W, then for a body of mass (m) falling with the
acceleration due to gravity (g),
the weight (W) is mathematically expressed as: W=mg, where:
W=weight of the object or the gravitational force on the object,
m=mass of the object, g=acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/).
The mass of the object does not change.
Because of acceleration due to gravity, an object on the surface of
the moon will only weight 1/6 of its weight on Earth.
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Newton’s Third Law: Law of Interaction
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Work is said to be done when a force (F)
produces motion (distance, d).
W = F d or W = F d Cos θ
The amount of work done depends on the
magnitude of the force and the distance
moved, it follows that:
(a) the greater the force , the greater the
amount of work done;
(b) the greater the distance moved, the greater
the amount of work done.
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Sample Problem 1
A student lifts a book that weighs 10 N. The book is
lifted 1.5 m. How much work does the student do? W = Fd
Given: F = 10 N, W = 10 N (1.5 m)
d = 1.5 m W = 15 N . m
Sample Problem 2 = 15 Joules
A force of 600 N is applied to a metal box to pull it
15.0 meters across the floor with a rope held at an W = F (Cos θ) d
angle of 46 degree with the floor. How much work is W = (600N) (cos 46)(15m)
done?
W= (600N)(0.6947)(15m)
Given: F = 600N
W = 6,252.3 N.m or Joules
d = 15 m
θ = 46 degree
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Work Done Against Gravity
The work needed to lift an object of
mass “m” against gravity.
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy • Energy in motion
• Stored energy • It is the motion of
• Energy of Forms waves, electrons,
position of atoms, molecules
(gravitational) Energy and substance
• PE = mgh • KE = ½
• W=mg
• PE = Wh
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Law of Conservation of Energy
32
A gardener pushes the A boy has a weight of 500 N
wheelbarrow by exerting a force and can run up a flight of stairs
of 150 N. If the gardener moved in 10 seconds. There are 30
it at a distance of 50 m at a stairs and each of them is of
constant speed for 20 s, what height 16 cm. Calculate the
power does the gardener boy’s power.
develop? Given:
Given: F = 500 N
F = 150 N d = 30 x 0.16 m
d = 50 m t = 10 s
Solution: t = 20 s Solution:
P = Fd ÷ t P = Fd ÷ t
P = 150 N (50 m) ÷ 20 s P = 500 N (4.8 cm) ÷ 10 s
P = 7500 N-m ÷ 20 s P = 2,400 N-m ÷ 10 s
P = 375 watts P = 240 watts
Sample Footer Text 33
MOMENTUM All objects in motion have
The product of an object’s mass and momentum.
velocity. Momentum depends on the mass
A vector quantity having the direction and velocity of a moving object.
of the object’s velocity.
Big object has larger momentum
In equation, ρ = mv
than small object.
• where :
• ρ = momentum In the case of two objects having
• m = mass of the object equal masses, the object moving
• v = velocity faster has more momentum than
The unit of momentum is kg-m/sec. the slower object.
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What is the momentum of an object with m=2.00
kg and v= 40.0 m/s?
Given:
m = 2.00-kg
v = 40.0 m/s
ρ=?
Solution:
ρ = mv
ρ = (2.00 kg)(40.0 m/s)
ρ = 80.0 kg-m/s
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IMPULSE SAMPLE PROBLEM
The product of force (F) and time (t). A force of 30000 N j is exerted for
4.00 s, on a 95,000 kg mass.
A vector quantity having the direction of What is the impulse of the force
the force. for this 4.00 s?
After collision After the collision, the total system kinetic energy is
m1 v1’ + m2v2’ 800000 Joules (800,000 J for the car and 0 J for the
truck).
(1,000 kg) (-10 m/s) + (3,000 kg) (10 m/s)
-10,000 kg-m/s + 30,000 kg-m/s The total kinetic energy before the collision is equal to
= 20,000 kg-m/s the total kinetic energy after the collision.
2/8/20XX 38
In inelastic collision KE (kinetic energy) is not conserved.
2/8/20XX 39
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
The total pressure at the depth (h) in a fluid of density (ρ) is:
P = P external + P fluid
Sample Footer Text 43
The water level in the water tank is 8
m above the tap. What is the
pressure that forces water out from
the tap? (Density of water = 1,000
kg/cu. m) Given:
h=8m
P=?
p = 1,000kg/m3
g = 9.8 m/s2
Solution:
P = hpg
P = 8 m (1,000 kg/m3) (9.8 m/s2)
P = 78,400 Pa
Where:
= buoyant force
= mass of the fluid
displaced by the
object
Sample Footer Text g = pull of gravity 48
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLES
53
VOLUME EXPANSION of LIQUID
Liquids like solids expand with increase in temperature.
In most cases, the expansion of liquids is greater than that of
solids.
Since liquids do not have shape, but take the shape of their
container, there is only volume expansion. Liquids have
greater coefficients of volume expansion than solids.
54
EXPANSION of GASES
All gases have approximately the same coefficient of
expansion.
55
The three units most commonly used in
HEAT measuring the quantity of heat are:
1. Calorie (cal)- quantity of heat
Heat is an internal energy in transit
required to raise the temperature of 1
from one body of matter to another by gram of water to 1 centigrade
virtue of a temperature difference degree.
between them. 1 kilocalorie (kcal is kg-cal)
= 1000 calories
If a body of matter does not change
state during the addition or removal of 2. British thermal unit (Btu) – the
heat and neither does work nor has amount of heat required to change
work done on it, the change in its the temperature of one pound of
water through 1 F.
internal energy results in a
corresponding change in temperature. 3. Joule, SI unit of heat
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SPECIFIC HEAT Specific heat capacities vary widely from
Different materials need different one substance to another and from one
amounts of heat to change their range of temperatures to another. The
temperature by the same amount. table below lists the specific heat of some
The amount of energy required to common substances.
raise the temperature of one kilogram Substance J/kg-oC cal/g-oC
Alcohol,ethyl 2,394 0.572
of a substance by one Kelvin is Aluminum 895 0.214
Benzene 1,700 0.406
called its specific heat. Brass 385 0.092
The unit of measure for specific heat Copper
Glass
392
669
0.093
0.160
is joules per kilogram-Kelvin Gold 134 0.032
Ice 2,093 0.500
(J/kg-K). Iron 439 0.105
Lead 130 0.031
Another unit of measure of specific Mercury 138 0.033
Silver 234 0.056
heat is calorie per gram degree Steam 2,009 0.480
Celsius (cal/g-oC), where 1 cal = Turpentine
Water
1,720
4,180
0.411
1.000
4.186 J. Zinc 385 0.092
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The amount of heat required to raise
its temperature by one degree is How much heat is needed to
known as the heat capacity or raise the temperature of 5 kg of
thermal capacity of a substance. It is
water 10 K?
the product of the mass of the
substance and its specific heat. Given: m = 5 kg
The transfer of heat from an object C = 4,180 J/kg-K
depends on the object’s mass, the
specific heat and the difference in ΔT = 10 K
temperature between the object and its
surroundings.
Required: ΔQ =?
ΔQ = mCΔT
where :
ΔQ = amount of heat transferred Solution:
m = mass ΔQ = mCΔT
C = specific heat = (5 kg) (4,180 J/kg-K) (10K)
ΔT = change in temperature ΔQ = 209,000 J 58
HEAT TRANSFER
Heat can be transferred from one place to another by
means of:
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
In conduction heat is transported by successive molecular collision
and in convection by the motion of a volume of hot fluid from one place to
another.
Heat transferred by radiation takes place by means of electromagnetic waves,
which requires no material medium for their passage
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Three characteristics process that take
place in all heat engines :
1. Heat is absorbed from a source at a
high temperature
2. Mechanical work is done
3. Heat is given of at a lower temperature
The mechanical equivalent of heat (J)
is numerically equal to the number of
units of mechanical work required to
produce unit quantity of heat.
60
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
The first law of thermodynamics expresses The second law of thermodynamics is
the conservation of energy. the physical principles that supplement
“Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but the first law.
may be converted from one form to another.” The law states that “it is impossible to
The law states that: “the change in internal construct an engine, operating in a
energy of a system equals the difference repeatable cycle, which does nothing
between the heat taken in by the system and other than take energy from a source
the work done by the system.” and perform an equivalent amount of
work”.
Q = AU + W or Q – W = AU
The national direction of heat flow is
Net heat input = change in internal energy
+ from a reservoir of internal energy at a
net work output high temperature to a reservoir of
internal energy at a low temperature,
The heat energy is exactly equivalent to the regardless of the total energy content of
amount of transformed energy.
each reservoir.
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Electricity
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Introducing a constant proportionality k, this
becomes :
Conducted the first quantitative work
on electric charges.
Coulomb was able to show that the force F F = force
Coulomb was able to establish the direct Coulomb's Law states that: ‘the force of
attraction or repulsion between two small
relationship of F to the and keeping R charged bodies is directly proportional to the
between them constant. product of the two charges and inversely
and F proportional to the square of the distance
between them.”
Combining the given relationship of F to
and R we have: 62
Coulomb (C) is the standard What is the magnitude and direction of the
unit for charge force on a charge of that is 5 cm from a
One coulomb is defined as the charge of ?
amount of charge transferred
Given:
through a point in conductor in
one second by a current of one = =
ampere R = 5 cm = m F=?
Q=lt 𝑄1 𝑄2
𝐹 =𝑘
Q=charge in coulomb 𝑅
2
I = current in ampere
𝐹=(9 𝑥10 ¿ ¿9 𝑁 .𝑚 /𝐶 )¿¿¿¿
t = time in second 2 2
Experimental results in a
−4
vacuum placed k at a value 𝐹 =7.2 𝑥 10 𝑁
very close to
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
63
Two identical charges repel each other with a (b) The force decreases when the
force of N when they are 20 cm apart. (a) charges are moved apart to
what is the force on each when that are 5 = 0.04
cm apart? (b) when they are 100 cm apart? F = (0.04) (N )
Given: Find: =N
F=N F when R is 5 cm
times what it was before, so the force is
R = 20 cm F when R is 100 cm
N
Solution:
(a) Since the force increases when the charges are
brought closer together to:
= 16
F = (16) (N )
Times what it was before,Fso
=Nthe force is N
64
Electrical Quantities and Units
A. Current B. AC and DC
Electric current is the movement of If the current continues to flow in
charged particles in a specific direction. the same direction through the
The charged particle may be an electron, conducting wire all the time, it is
a positive ion or negative ion, and they called Direct Current (DC)
referred to as current carriers. This is the kind of current we get
I is the symbol used for current. from flashlight cells and batteries
The unit of current is coulomb per
second (C/s), and it is named as ampere If the current periodically reverses
The relationship between time, charge the direction in which it is moving,
and current is given as: it is called Alternating Current (AC)
or
This is the kind of current we have
in our home.
65
Electrical Quantities and Units
C. Voltage If the two bodies have the same
charge, work is needed to move
Also known as electromotive force
them closer.
(emf) or potential difference (pd). If the two charged bodies are of
It is the electrical pressure that opposite charge, work is needed
causes current to flow. to them apart.
Potential Difference is Potential V is the symbol for voltage
Energy divided by charge. The relationship between charge,
energy, and voltage is:
The Potential Energy is the work or
needed to move a charged body The unit is J/coulomb
against the electric force, toward
away from another charged.
66
Electrical Quantities and Units
C. Voltage If the two bodies have the same
charge, work is needed to move
Also known as electromotive force
them closer.
(emf) or potential difference (pd). If the two charged bodies are of
It is the electrical pressure that opposite charge, work is needed
causes current to flow. to them apart.
Potential Difference is Potential V is the symbol for voltage
Energy divided by charge. The relationship between charge,
energy, and voltage is:
The Potential Energy is the work or
needed to move a charged body The unit is J/coulomb
against the electric force, toward
away from another charged.
67
Electrical Quantities and Units
D. Resistance Resistance of object depends on
four factors: length, cross-
It is the opposition a material offers
sectional area, resistivity of the
to current.
materials and temperature.
R is the symbol for resistance.
All materials offer some resistance
to current but the amount of
resistance differs from each other.
There are high-resistance and low-
resistance materials.
More energy is required to move
electrons through high-resistance
materials.
68
Electrical Quantities and Units
E. Resistivity
The characteristic resistance of a
material is given by its resistivity.
Resistivity rating allow comparison
of the abilities of different materials
to conduct current.
The relationship of resistance (R) to
length (l), cross-sectional area (A)
and resistivity () is:
𝑅𝐴
𝑙=
𝜌
69
Sample Problem 𝜋𝑑
2 −3
( 3.14)(1.5 𝑥 10 m )
2
𝐴= 𝐴=
The What is the electric resistance 4 4
−6 2
of a silver wire 0.50 m long with a 𝐴=177 𝑥 10 𝑚
diameter of 1.5 mm if the resistivity
of silver is 𝜌 𝑙 ( 1.59 𝑥 10 −8
Ω − m ) ( 0 ,50 𝑚 )
𝑅= 𝑅= −6 2
Given: 𝐴 177 𝑥 10 𝑚
l = 0.50 m
d = 1.5 mm x
=m
= -m
𝜌𝑙
𝑅=
𝐴
70
Simple Circuit
An electric circuit is a conducting loop in which a current can transfer
electrical energy from a suitable source to a useful load.
It has four essential parts.
1. A source or supply to provide the voltage needed to force current
through the circuit. (e.g., battery)
2. Conductors through which the current can travel (e.g., copper wire, gold
wire, etc.)
3. A load is a device that converts electrical energy into some other useful
forms (e.g., light bulb). Different loads have different amounts of
resistance
4. A control device or switch which continues or discontinues the flow of
electric current through the circuit (e.g. push button, etc. )
71
A simple electric circuit can be Simple Circuit
drawn using only symbols.
The drawing, which shows how
parts are connected together, is
called schematic diagram.
72
Understanding Ohm’s Law
Geong Simon Ohm discovered While we can calculate
the relationship between three the current, voltage and
electrical quantities (current, resistance
voltage and resistance) mathematically, there are
devices which can give
The relationship is known as
us measurements of
Ohm’s Law, which states that:
these three quantities in
“current is directly proportional
a circuit.
to the voltage and inversely
1. Ammeter – measures
proportional to the resistance”.
current in amperes
2. Ohmmeter – measures
resistance in ohms
3. Voltmeter – measures
voltage in volts
73
Sample Problem Sample Problem
How much current flows through What is the resistance of a lamp
a lamp with resistance 90 when which allows 0.8 A current when
it is connected to a 220-V outlet? 110.0 V is applied to it?
Given: Find: Given: Find:
R= 90 I=? I= 0.8 A R= ?
V= 220-V V= 110-V
74
Power in a Circuit
Power (P) is the rate of energy Let us substitute in it will yield:
transfer.
It is equal to the product of the
current (I) and voltage (V):
P=IV On the other hand, if we substitute
The unit is watt (W), when V=IR in P = IV, it will yield
voltage is volts (V) and current
is in amperes (A)
If you express the previous
formula in terms of I and V, the
formula for the current and
voltage respectively, will be
and
75
Sample Problem Sample Problem
The heating element in a clothes
What is the power input dryer is rated at 5kW and 220-V.
to an electric heater that How much current does it draw?
draws 3A from a 220-V Given: Find:
P= 5kW I= ?
outlet?
= 5,000 W
Given: Find:
V= 220-V
I=3A P=?
V= 220-V
76
Multiple – Load Circuits
A. Series Circuit
It has two or more loads but current 3. The total resistance is equal to the
flows through a single conducting sum of the individual resistances
path. • That is,
Rules for resistance in series In series circuit, if any part of the circuit is
1. The current flows through each open, current stops flowing and voltage and
resistance is the same as the total power are removed from all loads
current throughout the circuit. One way to determine which load is open it
to measure the individual voltages
That is, The voltage drop of the load that is open is
2. The sum of all the individual voltage equal to the entire source voltage.
drops is the same as the applied A good example are some type of
electromotive force (emf) or voltage Christmas Light, when one bulb burns out,
all the rest go out.
• That is,
77
Multiple – Load Circuits
B. Parallel Circuit
It has more than one path for current
flow.
Rules for resistance in parallel 3. The reciprocal of the total resistance
1. The total current flows through the I equal to the sum of the reciprocals
circuit is equal to the sum of the of the separate resistances.
currents in the separate resistances • That is,
• That is,
A parallel circuit allows operation of
2. The potential drop in each resistor is
other loads even if one load fails.
the same as the magnitude of the
The electric circuit used in homes
applied electromotive force.
consists of many parallel circuits.
• That is,
78
Multiple – Load Circuits
C. Simple Network
Some resistor are arranged in a
combination of both series and
parallel circuits, and of different
electromotive force, called network.
Examples are electrical wirings used
in big buildings and structures.
In the illustration,
there is one source of electromotive
force.
One resistor (, is in the series with
the other resistor, and , which are in
parallel
79
Given: Unknown:
Sample Problem 20 Ω
0Ω , and
A TV set, a stove and a Ω , and
flatiron are connected in 105
series to a 220-V line. The
From Ohm’s Law
resistance of the TV set is
) = 42 V
20 Ω, the stove, 50 Ω, and
the flatiron, 35 Ω.
2.10 – A
Find: Since in a series circuit, the ) = 105 V
The total resistance amount of circuit flowing in
each device is the same as the
Amount of current total current flowing in the
flowing in each device line ) = 73.5 V
Voltage drop across = 2.10-A Total voltage is about = 220 V
each device.
80
Given: Unknown:
Sample Problem
A refrigerator and a rice
cooker are connected in
parallel to a 220-V line.
Since it is Parallel
The current in the
refrigerator is 10-A and the
From Ohm’s Law
rice cooker is 4 A. Find:
(a) The resistance of each 5 + 2
22 Ω
device. (7) = (1) (110 Ω)
(b) The total resistance = = 15.71 Ω
81
Find the combined The combined resistance is
Sample Problem resistance for and , now series with , the
which is parallel combined resistance is
Given this network: now:
8.88 Ω