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Compressor System

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120 views

Compressor System

Uploaded by

khenverlee6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPRESSOR

SYSTEM
EE 27 Instrumentation and Controls
Engr. Rewil Tornalejo
Introduction

The air and gas compressors manufacturing industry in the


United States is worth about $12 billion in 2019. 90% of all
manufacturing and processing industries use at least one
compressor in their industrial processes.

Compressors are robust power tools vital to several


industries. They are popular in the oil industry, chemical
processing plants, pharmaceuticals industry, and heavy
industries.
What is a compressor?
A mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by
reducing its volume.
Similar to a pump – increases the pressure on a fluid and
transport it through a pipe.

What is the key difference between a fluid and a Gas?


Compressibility: a gas is compressible.
What happened to a gas volume as it is compressed?
Decreases

What happened to the temperature of the gas as it is


compressed?
Increases
Compressors
Two categories of Compressors
a. Positive Displacement
b. Dynamic
What is a positive displacement compressor?
A compressor that confines successive volume of gas within
a closed space in which the pressure of the gas is increased
as the volume of the closed space is decrease.
 Intermittent flow
What is a Dynamic Compressor?
A compressor using a rotating mechanism to add velocity
and pressure to gas.
 Continuous Flow
Two types of Positive Displacement Compressors:
 Reciprocating
 Rotary
Two Types of Dynamic Compressors
 Centrifugal
 Axial
Reciprocating Compressors
How does it work?
Piston movement in a cylinder
connected to a rod and
crankshaft
Downward piston motion, low
pressure gas enters the
chamber
Upward piston motion, gas is
compressed and exits the
chamber
Reciprocating Compressors
High Horsepower Applications
 Common in natural gas transmission
lines.
 Processes for high pressure delivery
of gasses
Reciprocating Compressors
Air Conditioning Compressors
Some manufactures
(Frigidaire™) use rotary
compressors
AC Compressors (and other
small appliance applications)
are Hermetic or Semi-Hermetic
Hermetically Sealed and Semi
Hermetically Sealed Compressors
The compressor and motor driving the
compressor are integrated, and operate
within the pressurized gas envelope of
the system.
The motor is designed to operate and
be cooled by the gas or vapor being
compressed.
The hermetic uses a one-piece welded
steel casing that cannot be opened for
repair. If the hermetic fails it is simply
replaced with an entire new unit.
A semi-hermetic uses a large cast metal
shell with gasketed covers that can be
opened to replace motor and pump
components.
The primary advantage of a hermetic
and semi-hermetic is that there is no
route for the gas to leak out of the
system.
Open compressors rely on either
natural leather or synthetic rubber seals
to retain the internal pressure
Require a lubricant such as oil to retain
their sealing properties
Rotary Compressors
How does it work?
When a rotating mechanism spins past the inlet valve, it
creates a vacuum.
The fluid flows out of the valve behind it, filling the
vacuum.
As it approaches the outlet valve, the chamber shrinks,
creating more pressure on the fluid.
The fluid has nowhere to go but out of the outlet valve,
so it shoots out of it.
Then the rotating mechanism continues on to draw more
fluid at the inlet valve.
Common Types of Rotary
Compressors
 Screw
 Vane
 Scroll

 Screw
• Two meshing helix screws
• Rotors
Common Types of Rotary
Compressors
Compact and smooth running
 2 types - Oil Free and Oil Flooded
 Oil Free – No assistance from oil
to cool and assist in sealing .
 Oil Flooded – Oil injected to aid in
sealing and provide cooling.
• Separator downstream to capture
the oil
Common Types of Rotary Compressors
Vane Compressors
• Vane housing on a off centered shaft
• Vanes slide in an out always making contact
with the compressor walls
• Gas enters in the largest opening
• Exits the smallest
• Good for low pressure applications
• Efficient
• Heat controlled by oil injection
Common Types of Rotary Compressors
Scroll Compressor
• How it works
• 2 Spirals
• 1 stationary, 1 orbits without rotating
• 1st orbit entraps inlet gas
• Subsequent orbits compresses gas and exited
out the center
• Generally 2-3 orbits for a full cycle
Common Types of Rotary Compressors
Scroll Compressor
• Advantages
• Compact
• Steady flow
• Low energy use
• Quiet
• Smooth operation
What is a Dynamic Compressor?
• A compressor using a rotating mechanism to
add velocity and pressure to gas.
• Continuous Flow
• What are the Two Types of Dynamic
Compressors?
• Centrifugal
• Axial
Centrifugal Compressors
• Rotating disk (impeller) forces gas to the
rim of the impeller, increasing velocity
• The diffuser converts the velocity
energy to pressure energy.
• Primarily used for continuous,
stationary service in industries such as
refineries, chemical plants and snow
making operations
Single Stage and Multi-Stage
Compressors
Impeller
• Most critical part of a centrifugal
compressor
• Compressor performance
determined by impeller:
• Size
• Shape
• Speed
Impeller
3 types of Impellers
• Closed
• Most common
• Shroud covering both sides of the
blade
• Center eye hole for gas to enter
• Used in Multi-stage compressors
• Semi –open
• Open
Multi-Stage Compressors
• Diaphragm
 Specially designed casing wall
separating the stages
 Gas passes through the diffuser
 Passes through the return channel
in the diaphragm
• Controlling Axial Load on the Shaft
• Bearing Review
• Thrust Bearing
• Axial Compressors
• Gas flows parallel to the axis of
rotation
• Unlike centrifugal that has radial
components
• Has rotating and stationary
components
• Rotating airfoil – rotor
• Stationary airfoil – stator
• Axial Compressors
• High Volume
• High Efficiency
• High Cost
• Common Uses
• Gas Turbines
• Jet engines
• Power stations
• Nickname – “Superchargers”

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