ARES 2:

RESEARCH AND
DAILY LIFE 2
LESSON 1: THE
RESEARCH
FRAMEWORK
OBJECTIVES:
By the end of this chapter students are expected to be able to:
 select, cite, and synthesize judiciously related literature and use
sources according to ethical standards.
 formulate clearly conceptual framework, research hypotheses (if
appropriate), and define terms used in study
 present objectively written review of related literature and conceptual
framework
RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
 A research framework illustrates the structure or blueprint of the research
plan and helps the researcher formulate relevant research questions.
 The framework consists of the key concepts and assumes relationships of the
research project. It is normally used as a guide for researchers so that they are
more focused on the scope of their studies.
 It can be presented using visual (diagrams, chart, etc.) and narrative (paragraph
stating the concepts and relationships of the study) forms.
THEORETICAL AND
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 A theoretical framework is commonly used for studies that anchor on
timetested theories that relate the findings of the investigation to the
foundation of relevant theory of knowledge.
 At the same time, a conceptual framework refers to the actual ideas, beliefs,
and tentative theories that specifically support the study. It is primarily a
conception or model of what is out there that the researcher plans to study.
SIMILARITIES OF THE
THEORETICAL AND
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 The following are the similar characteristics of Theoretical and
Conceptual Framework:
1. Provide an overall view of the research study;
2. Anchor a theory that supports the study;
3. Guide in developing relevant research questions/objectives;
4. Help justify assumptions/hypothesis;
5. Aid in choosing appropriate methodology;
6. Help in gathering and interpreting data and
7. Guide in identifying possible threats to validity.
 THE DIFFERENCES OF THEORETICAL
AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Theoretical Conceptual
Content of Focus on specific theory used already in the field Focus on concepts related to your study
Discussion

Range • Broader in sense • Narrower/focused

• Applicable in different studies • Directly related to a specific study

Theories Presented Presents one or more theory at a time and May synthesize one or more theories or concept
specifically related to the current study related to current study

Time frame Usually, theory is established before the study A working concept during the time of study
CONCEPT MAP
 A concept map is a visual representation of information that helps
show the relationship between ideas.
 They begin with the main topic and then branch out into sub-topics,
reflecting the connection of all the elements in the study.
 It is composed of different figures such as lines, circles, boxes, and
other marks or symbols which represent the elements of your
research. It can take the form of charts, graphic organizers, tables,
flowcharts, Venn Diagrams, timelines, or T-charts.
CONCEPT MAP
 Concept map arranges related ideas in a hierarchy. You start broad,
and the sub-topics will get more and more specific.
 It also helps you in formulating a specific topic from the general or
the main idea with significant connections of information.
 Concept maps are very useful for researchers and readers who
understand better visually.
HOW TO WRITE
CONCEPTUAL/ THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
1. Identify the Research Problem:
 Clearly define the research problem or question that your study aims to
address. This serves as the starting point for developing your framework.
2. Review Existing Literature:
 Conduct a thorough literature review to identify existing theories, models,
and concepts related to your research problem.
3. Define Key Variables:
 Clearly define the key variables of your study. These are the elements that
you will be studying and analyzing in your research.
HOW TO WRITE
CONCEPTUAL/ THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
4. Develop a Conceptual Model:
 Create a visual representation of your conceptual framework. This can be a
diagram or a flowchart that illustrates the relationships between the key
variables and how they contribute to the overall understanding of the research
problem.
5. Consider Contextual Factors:
 Take into account any contextual factors or external influences that may affect
the relationships between variables.
6. Justify Your Choices:
 Discuss how they align with your research problem and contribute to a deeper
understanding of the issues at hand.
LESSON 2: DEFINITION
OF TERMS
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
 It is also called as Operational Definition of Variables (ODV). The
word operational refers to how the word/term was used in the study.
At the same time, the variables are the elements essential to the study.
 There are two ways in defining the terms, the conceptual and
operational definition.
 The conceptual definition is the meaning of the term that is based on
how it is defined in the dictionary or encyclopedia.
 Operational definition, on the other hand, is the meaning of the term
based on how it was used in the study.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Generally, there are two cases in which important terms need to be
defined;
 first, if the term is not common or widely known, and
 second, if the term has a specific or unique meaning in the context of the
study
BENEFITS OF HAVING
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. It is a useful place to include technical terms in the topic of the
research questions.
2. It can clarify the definition of term, especially if it has a different
meaning. Define the term according to how it was used in the study.
3. It makes it easier to revisit or check the meaning of a term instead
of trying to locate it through the paper.
4. Helps to ensure that the reader can understand the technical
terminologies and jargons while reading the paper
GUIDELINES ON HOW TO
WRITE THE DEFINITION OF
TERMS
1. Write a brief introductory statement. It must shortly describe the
content of the definition of terms.
2. List/write the words/terms (which are technical) that would be included
(make sure that the variables and key terms found in the title are
included).
3. The terms should be arranged alphabetically.
4. Indention should be applied to each term.
5. The term should be followed with a period.
6. It can be underlined or not.
7. It can be bold and italic or not
GUIDELINES ON HOW TO
WRITE THE DEFINITION OF
TERMS
8. It does not have to be lengthy (direct to the point).
9. Acronym/initials should be defined clearly. Complete name should be
written first, followed by the acronym/initials in open-close
parenthesis, then the definition/meaning.
10. Do not overflow with technical terms (only those relevant and
significant to the study).
11. Keep the definition brief and basic. You will elaborate on it more in the
body of your paper
EXAMPLES OF
WRITING THE
DEFINITION OF TERMS
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
1. Face to face. It is when the people involved are being close together
and looking directly at each other (https://bit.ly/2L2IuML).

2. Module. It is any in a series of standardized units used together, such as

an educational unit that covers a single subject or topic (
https://bit.ly/380jv5X).

3. Online. It is controlled by or connected to another computer or network

(https://bit.ly/3aUatJA)
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
1. Face to face. This refers to one of the modalities used in learning
delivery in which the teacher and students should be in the same place
or setting, such as the classroom.

2. Module. Teaching modules are guides of the topics and lessons of a

specific subject given to students under the modular method. It is also
an alternative distance learning delivery in which students are required
to read and answer the activities specified in the module.

3. Online. It refers to another form of distance learning wherein the

teacher and students will have their lessons using internet connectivity