LESSON-4 Bus Fin

Statement of the
Problem
Conceptual Framework
Definition of Terms
Guidelines in
Formulating
Statement of the
Problem
1. Formulate research questions that can arouse your
curiosity and surprise you with discoveries or findings.
2. Establish a clear relation between the research
questions and the problem or topic.
3. Base your research questions on your RRL because
existing published works help you get good background
knowledge of the research problem and help you gauge
the people’s current understanding or unfamiliarity about
the topic, as well as the extent of their knowledge and
interest in it. Convincing solutions to research problems
or answers to research questions stem from their
alignment with what the world already knows or what
previous research studies have already discovered about
the research problem or topic.
4. Be guided with the acronym SMART (specific, measurable,
attainable, realistic and time-bound) in formulating the
research questions. Applying SMART, you must deal with exact
answers and
observable things, determine the extent or limit of the data
collected, be aware of the timeframe and completion period of
the study.
5. Let the set of research questions or sub-problems be

preceded by one question expressing the main problem of the
research.
6. Avoid asking research questions that are answerable with

“yes” or “no” and use the “how” questions only in
quantitative research.
7. Formulate your question not only based from the main

What is the meaning of
conceptual framework?
A conceptual framework is used to
understand the place of and inform the
direction of a research project.
Conceptual framework is a graphical
presentation of your concepts or ideas on
the basic structure or components of your
researchas well as on the relationship of
these elements with one another.
Pointers in Writing a
Conceptual Framework
1. Familiarize yourself with the objective of the
conceptual framework.
2. Base the contents of the conceptual framework
on your own understanding of the elements and of
the relationship of the research features.
3. See to it that all aspects of the conceptual
framework are related to the objective of the
research.
4. Let others read your conceptual framework for
comments or feedback for improvement purpose
Definition of Terms
Usually, in writing a research paper, the definition of
terms is included. It helps in simplifying some of the
technical terms which are vital in the understanding
of the research project. Although this part of the
paper is optional, it is advantageous for the reader
to include this to prevent the ambiguous meaning of
terms that might otherwise be interpreted in
different ways, causing confusion. It can also
enhance comprehension of important key terms.
Definition of Terms is also called as Operational
Definition of Variables (ODV). The word operational
refers to “how the word/term was used in the study. At
the same time, the variables are the elements
essential to the study. There are two ways in defining
the terms, the conceptual and operational definition.
The conceptual definition is the meaning of the term
that is based on how it is defined in the dictionary or
encyclopedia. Operational definition, on the other
hand, is the meaning of the term based on how it was
used in the study.
Benefits of Having Definition of Terms
1. It is a useful place to include technical terms in the
topic of the research questions.
2. It can clarify the definition of term, especially if it
has a different meaning. Define the term according to
how it was used in the study.
3. It makes it easier to revisit or check the meaning of
a term instead of trying to locate it through the paper.
4. Helps to ensure that the reader can understand the
technical terminologies and jargons while reading the
paper.
Guidelines on How to Write the Definition of
Terms
1. Write a brief introductory statement. It must shortly

describe the content of the definition of terms.
2. List/write the words/terms (which are technical) that
would be included (make sure that the variables and
key terms found in the title are included).
3. The terms should be arranged alphabetically.
4. Indention should be applied to each term.
5. The term should be followed with a period.
6. It can be underlined or not.
7. It can be bold and italic or not.
8. It does not have to be lengthy (direct to the point).
9. Acronym/initials should be defined clearly. Complete
name should be written first, followed by the
acronym/initials in open-close parenthesis, then the
definition/meaning.
10. Do not overflow with technical terms (only those
relevant and significant to the study).
11. Keep the definition brief and basic. You will
elaborate on it more in the body of your paper.

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Statement of the

5. Let the set of research questions or sub-problems be

6. Avoid asking research questions that are answerable with

7. Formulate your question not only based from the main

1. Write a brief introductory statement. It must shortly

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