Lesson 1

MECHANICS OF
DEFORMABLE BODIES
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SIMPLE STRESS
• STATICS AND DYNAMICS – primary devoted to the study of the external effects on rigid bodies.
• STRENGTH OF MATERIALS – deals with the relations between externally applied loads and their internal
effects of forces on rigid bodies.
• Bodies are no longer rigid assumed to be rigid, hence there are small deformations.
• In mechanical/structure design, both dimension and material properties must be considered to satisfy
strength and rigidity. When loaded, a structure must not break nor deform excessively.
NAMES OF DIFFERENT EFFECT OF APPLIED
LOADS
• Axial Force (P) – pulling (tensile) or pushing (compression) action perpendicular to the section.
• Shear Force (V) – sliding action force.
• Torque (T) – measures the resistance to twisting the member.
• Bending Moment (M) – measures the resistance to bending the member about a specific axis.
• It is evident that the internal effect of a given loading depends on the selection and orientation of the
exploratory system.
• If loading is acting in one plane (x and y frequently), three forces are present; the axial force, shear force
and bending moment.
• Purpose of studying Strength of Materials is to ensure that the structures used will be safe against the
maximum internal effects that may be produced by any combination of loading.
SIMPLE STRESS/NORMAL STRESS
Ơ is the stress or force per unit area.
P is the applied load.
A is the cross sectional area.

• In SI, force is measured in newtons (N) and area is measured in square meters (m²). Thus, the units for
stress are Newtons per square meter (N/m²).
• Frequnently, one newton per square meter is referred to as one pascal (Pa).
• In US Customary units, the units for stress are pounds per square inch (lb/in²), frequently abbreviated as
psi.
• The fairly simple equation for stress does not give the stress at all points in the cross-sectional area; it
merely determines the average stress.
• A more precise definition of stress is obtained by dividing the differential load dP by the differential area
over which it acts:
• The condition under which stress is constant or uniform is know as simple stress.
• A uniform stress distribution can only can only exist if the resultant of the applied loads passes through
the centroid of the cross section.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
The bar shown has a

constant width of 35 mm
and a thickness of 10
mm. Determine the
maximum average
normal stress in the bar
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
The 80-kg lamp is supported

by two rods AB and BC. If AB
has a diameter of 10 mm
and BC has a diameter of 8
mm, determine the average
normal stress in each rod.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
Determine the position x of this

force so that the average
compressive stress at the smooth
support C is equal to the average
tensile stress in the tie rod AB. The
rod has a cross-sectional area of 400
mm2 and the contact area at C is
650 mm2
SHEARING STRESS
• Differs from both tensile and compressive in that it is caused by forces acting along or parallel to the are
resisting the forces.
• Compressive stresses are usually called “Normal Stresses”
• Shearing stress may be called a “Tangential Stress”.
• Single shear – resists shear across a single cross sectional area.
• Double shear – resists shear across two cross sectional areas.
• Punching shear - a failure mechanism in structural members like slabs and foundation by shear under
the action of concentrated loads.
• Shear occurs over an area parallel to the applied load. (Direct Shear)
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
Determine the average

shear stress in the 20-
mm-diameter pin at A
and the 30-mm-diameter
pin at B that support the
beam.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
Determine the average

shear stress along
shear planes a–a and
b–b of the connected
member. Thickness of
wood is 1500 mm.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
The inclined member is subjected to a

compressive force of 600 lb. Determine
the average compressive stress along the
smooth areas of contact at AB and BC,
and the average shear stress along the
horizontal plane DB
BEARING STRESS
• Categorized under Normal

Stress.
• Bearing Stress is a contact
pressure between separate
bodies.
• Examples are soil pressure
beneath piers and the forces on
bearing plates.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 7
Neglecting friction,
1. Compute dimension “b”, if the
allowable shearing stress is (900
kPa).
2. Determine dimension “c” so that
the bearing stress does not exceed
(7MPa).
SAMPLE PROBLEM 8
The lap joint shown is fastened by

three (20 mm) diameter rivets.
Assuming that (P=50 kN), determine,
a) The shearing stress in each rivet.
b) b) The bearing stress in each plate,
and the maximum average tensile
stress in each plate.
THIN WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS
• A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile forces, which
resist bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse sections.
• Classified as thin walled because its ratio of the inside radius to the wall thickness is
significantly large and so the distribution of normal stress in the radial direction is uniform
across the vessel wall.
SPHERICAL SHELL
SAMPLE PROBLEM 9
A steel gas bottle 2 m long with a diameter of 250 mm and a 3 mm wall

thickness is pressurized to 3 MPa. Calculate the tangential and longitudinal
stresses.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10
The spherical gas tank has

an inner radius of r = 1.5m.
If it is subjected to an
internal pressure of
300kPa, determine its
required thickness if the
maximum normal stress is
not to exceed 12 MPa.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 11
The cap of the cylindrical tank is bolted along

the flanges. The tank has an inner diameter of
1.5m and a wall thickness of 18mm. If the
largest normal stress is not to exceed 150MPa,
1. Determine the maximum pressure the tank
can sustain.
2. Also compute the number of bolts required
to attach the cap to the tank if each bolt has
a diameter of 20mm. The allowable stress
for the bolt is 180MPa.
STRESSES ON INCLINED SECTIONS
SAMPLE PROBLEM 11
Shown here is a 120mm wide steel

bar with a butt-welded joint, which
carries an axial tension load of 180
kN. Calculate the minimum thickness
of the bar if the normal and shear
stresses on the plane of the butt
weld must be limited to 70 Mpa and
50 Mpa respectively.
END OF LESSON 1
THANK YOU!

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MECHANICS OF

• Shear Force (V) – sliding action force.

• Torque (T) – measures the resistance to twisting the member.

Ơ is the stress or force per unit area.

P is the applied load.

A is the cross sectional area.

The bar shown has a

The 80-kg lamp is supported

Determine the position x of this

Determine the average

Determine the average

The inclined member is subjected to a

• Categorized under Normal

The lap joint shown is fastened by

A steel gas bottle 2 m long with a diameter of 250 mm and a 3 mm wall

The spherical gas tank has

The cap of the cylindrical tank is bolted along

Shown here is a 120mm wide steel

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