1 Chapter One Introduction To Data Communication and Computer Networking
1 Chapter One Introduction To Data Communication and Computer Networking
“CYMCYL”
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1.1 What is a computer network?
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Definition cont…
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Benefits of Network Computing
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1.2. Basics of Data Communication
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communication Process:
Sender (source): Creates the message to be
transmitted
Media: Carries the message e.g. UTP, Fiber,
telephone line
Receiver (sink): Receives the message.
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1.3 Fundamentals of Information
Transmission media and coding
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ion
est inat
D
ding
D eco
n
smissio
Tran
ding
E n co
er
Send
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Transmission Medium
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Simplex :
Communication can take place in only one
Sender Receiver
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Half-duplex
Sender Receiver
(Sender )
(Receiver)
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FULL DUPLEX:
It allows information to flow simultaneously in
both directions on the transmission path. It is an
advantage over half-duplex which requires the lines
to be turned-around each time the direction is
reversed and half duplex is unacceptable in some
applications which require simultaneous
transmission in both directions.
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Full-duplex
Sender Receiver
and and
Receiver Sender
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1.4: Network Topologies
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1. Bus Topology
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Benefits of Bus topology
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Disadvantages of Bus topology
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2. Star Topology
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Advantages of Stars topology
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Advantage cont…
The hub or switch is slightly more expensive
All data goes through the central point, which can
be equipped with diagnostic devices that make it
easy to trouble shoot and manage the network.
Hierarchical organization allows isolation of traffic
on the channel.
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Disadvantages of Star topology
entire network
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3. Ring Topology
The ring topology is a physical, closed
loop consisting of point-to-point links.
In the diagram, you can see how each
node on the ring acts as a repeater. It
receives a transmission from the
previous node and amplifies it before
passing it on.
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Benefits of Ring topology
Ring topology has the following
advantage:
Each repeater duplicates the data signals
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Disadvantages of Ring topology
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4. Hybrid Topology
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Disadvantages of Hybrid
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topology
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A. Peer-to-Peer Networks
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In a peer-to-peer network:
individual users control their own resources.
The users may decide to share certain files with other
users.
The users may also require passwords before they allow
others to access their resources. Since individual users
make these decisions, there is no central point of control
or administration in the network. In addition, individual
users must back up their own systems to be able to
recover from data loss in case of failures. When a
computer acts as a server, the user of that machine may
experience reduced performance as the machine serves the
requests made by other systems.
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B. Client/Server Networks
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Peer-to-
Peer and Client/Server Networks
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Advantage and disadvantage cont…
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Symbols for Networking Devices
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Devices cont…
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1.6.1. NIC /Network Interface
Card/Adapter Card:
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NIC cont…
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NIC cont…
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NIC and Modem Installation
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Modem – Modulator/Demodulator
Used to convert data from digital to analog and vice versa
Modems could be internal or external
For dialup networking we use modems
NICs must be installed before a PC can communicate with other
PCs on a network
Situations that require NIC installation include the following:
Installation of a NIC on a PC that does not already have one
Replacement of a malfunctioning or damaged NIC
Upgrade from a 10-Mbps NIC to a 10/100/1000-Mbps NIC
Change to a different type of NIC, such as wireless
Installation of a secondary, or backup, NIC for network security reasons
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1.6.2. Hub
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1.6.3. Repeaters
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1.6.4: Bridges
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1.6.6: Router
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Router cont…
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Routers Connected by WAN
Technologies
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1.6.7: Insulators, Conductors ,Semiconductors and
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Cables
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Current
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Cable Specifications
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Coaxial …
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STP
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Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
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UTP
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Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
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The figure shows some commonly used copper media and
connectors.
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UTP
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Advantages
is easy to install
Is less expensive than other types of networking
media.
Has small external diameter
Disadvantages
Error prone
Commonly used connector for LANs is an RJ-45
connector,
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UTP connections
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Straight Through cables
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Cross over cable
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Connects
Hub to hub
Switch to switch
PC to PC
PC to Router??
Pin out:
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UTP implementation
An RJ-45 connector for UTP cable
RJ stand for Registered Jack
45 refers to the specific wiring sequence
A transceiver converts one type of connection to another
Example: AUI to RJ-45, coax, or fibre optic connector
Crossover Straight-through
Switch to router
Switch to switch Router to router
Switch to PC or server
Switch to hub PC to PC
Hub to PC or server
Hub to hub Router to PC ???
X to no X
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Rollover Cable
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Connects
A PC with console port of a router
Also called Console Cable
Pin-out:
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Optical Media
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Optical Media…
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Fiber Optic Cables
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Fiber Cable
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Wireless Media
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Wireless Devices
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Wireless cont… [ detail chapter 3]
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Wave, Analog and Digital signal
A wave is a disturbance that propagates, carrying energy
A disturbance that travels through matter or space.
A way in which energy moves from one place to another .
Longitudinal Waves
Transverse Waves
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Amplitude and Frequency
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Analog Signal
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Digital and Analog Bandwidth
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Modulation
DTE DCE
PSTN
Dial-up network
digital analog
Demodulation
Digital Signals
GOLDMAN: DATACOMM
digital signal = a signal whose state consists of discrete elements such as high or
FIG.02-14
low, on or off
Analog Signals
analog signal = a signal which is “analogous” to sound waves
Baseband transmission
Describing a telecommunication system in which information is carried in digital (or analog)
form on a single unmultiplexed signal channel on the transmission medium. This usage
pertains to a baseband network such as Ethernet and token ring local area networks.
Narrowband transmission
Generally, narrowband describes telecommunication that carries voice information in a
narrow band of frequencies.
More specifically, the term has been used to describe a specific frequency range set aside
by the U.S. Fcc for mobile or radio services, including paging systems, from 50 cps to 64
Kbps.
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Attenuation and insertion loss on
copper media
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1.7: Importance of bandwidth
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Analogies
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Measurement
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