UNIT VI

File I/O Handling And Exception

Handling
12 Marks
I/O OPERATIONS:
1. Reading Keyboard Input:
🞆Python provides two built-in functions to read a line of text
from standard input, which by default comes from the
keyboard.
🞆These functions are −1. input(prompt)
2. input()
🞆The input(prompt) Function :
The input([prompt]) function allows user input. It
takes one argument.
🞆The syntax is as follows:
input(prompt)
🞆Example:
x = input("Enter your name: ")
print(‘Hello ’ ,x)
🞆Output:
Enter your name: Kedar
Hello Kedar

🞆The input() Function :

The input() function always evaluate the input
provided by user and return same type data.
The syntax is as follows:
x=input()
🞆Example:
x=int(input())
print(type(x))
🞆Output:
5
<class ‘int’>
2. Printing to Screen:
🞆The simplest way to produce output is using the print statement
where you can pass zero or more expressions separated by
commas.
🞆This function converts the expressions you pass into a string and
writes the result to standard output as follows ..
🞆The syntax is

print(object(s),sep=separator,end=end,file=file,flush=flush)
🞆Parameter values:
1. Object(s) : It can be any object but will be converted to string
before printed.
2. sep=’seperator’ : Optional. Specify how to separate the
objects, if there are more than one. Default is ‘’.
3. end=’end’: Optional. Specify what to print at the end.
Default is ‘\n’(line feed).
4. file: Optional. An object with a write method, Default is
sys.stdout
5. flush: Optional. A Boolean, specifying if the output is
flushed(True) or buffered(False). Default is False.
🞆Example:
print("hello","how are you?",sep="---")
🞆Output: hello---how are you?

🞆To make the output more attractive formatting is used. This

can be done by using the str.format() method.
🞆Example
a=10
b=20
print('Value of a is {} and b is {}'.format(a,b))
🞆Output: Value of a is 10 and b is 20
🞆We can format the number output by using % operator.

🞆Example :
a=12.3456789
print('Value of x is=%3.2f'%a)
print('Value of x is=%3.4f'%a)

🞆Output: Value of x is=12.35

Value of x is=12.3457
 FILE HANDLING:
What is a file?
🞆 File is a named location on disk to store related information. It is
used to permanently store data in a non-volatile memory (e.g. hard
disk).
🞆 Since, random access memory (RAM) is volatile which loses its
data when computer is turned off, we use files for future use of the
data.
🞆 When we want to read from or write to a file we need to open it
first. When we are done, it needs to be closed, so that resources that
are tied with the file are freed.
🞆 Hence, in Python, a file operation takes place in the following order.

Open a file
Read or write (perform operation)
Close the file
How to open a file?
🞆Python has a built-in function open() to open a file. This function
returns a file object, also called a handle, as it is used to read or
modify the file accordingly.

f = open("test.txt") # open file in current directory

f = open("F:\\PYTH prog\\README.txt") # specifying full path

🞆We can specify the mode while opening a file. In mode, we

specify whether we want to read 'r', write 'w' or append 'a' to the
file.
🞆We also specify if we want to open the file in text mode or
binary mode.
🞆The default is reading in text mode. In this mode, we get
strings when reading from the file.
🞆On the other hand, binary mode returns bytes and this is the
mode to be used when dealing with non-text files like image or
exe files.
The open function:
🞆Before you can read or write a file, you have to open it using
Python's builtin open() function.
🞆This function creates a file object, which would be utilized to call
other support methods associated with it.
🞆Syntax :
file object = open(file_name [, access_mode][, buffering])
The Parameters of open function:
🞆file_name − The file_name argument is a string value that
contains the name of the file that you want to access.
🞆access_mode − The access_mode determines the mode in
which the file has to be opened, i.e., read, write, append, etc.
This is optional parameter and the default file access mode is
read (r).
🞆buffering − If the buffering value is set to 0, no buffering takes
place. If the buffering value is 1, line buffering is performed
while accessing a file. If you specify the buffering value as an
integer greater than 1, then buffering action is performed with
the indicated buffer size. If negative, the buffer size is the
system default(default behavior).
OPENING FILE IN DIFFERENT
MODES:MODES & DESCRIPTION-
🞆r: Opens a file for reading only. The file pointer is
placed at the beginning of the file. This is the default
mode.
🞆rb:Opens a file for reading only in binary format. The
file pointer is placed at the beginning of the file. This is
the default mode.
🞆 r+:Opens a file for both reading and writing. The file
pointer placed at the beginning of the file.
🞆 rb+: Opens a file for both reading and writing in binary
format. The file pointer placed at the beginning of the
file.
🞆 w :Opens a file for writing only. Overwrites the file if the file
exists. If the file does not exist, creates a new file for writing.
🞆 wb: Opens a file for writing only in binary format. Overwrites
the file if the file exists. If the file does not exist, creates a new
file for writing.
🞆 w+: Opens a file for both writing and reading. Overwrites the
existing file if the file exists. If the file does not exist, creates a
new file for reading and writing.
🞆 wb+: Opens a file for both writing and reading in binary
format. Overwrites the existing file if the file exists. If the file
does not exist, creates a new file for reading and writing.
🞆 a :Opens a file for appending. The file pointer is at the end of
the file if the file exists. That is, the file is in the append mode.
If the file does not exist, it creates a new file for writing.
🞆 ab :Opens a file for appending in binary format. The file
pointer is at the end of the file if the file exists. That is, the file
is in the append mode. If the file does not exist, it creates a
new file for writing.
🞆a+: Opens a file for both appending and reading. The file
pointer is at the end of the file if the file exists. The file opens
in the append mode. If the file does not exist, it creates a new
file for reading and writing.
🞆ab+: Opens a file for both appending and reading in binary
format. The file pointer is at the end of the file if the file
exists. The file opens in the append mode. If the file does not
exist, it creates a new file for reading and writing.
🞆Example- # For different modes of opening a file

f=open("D:\python programs\Test.txt",'r')
# opening file in r reading mode
print(f.read())
f=open("Test.txt",'w') # Opening file in w writing mode
🞆Output:
Hello
ACCESSING FILE CONTENTS USING
STANDARD LIBRARY FUNCTIONS:
🞆Once a file is opened and you have one file object, you can
get various information related to that file.
🞆List of all attributes related to file object are- Attribute &
Description:
• file.closed -Returns true if file is closed, false otherwise.
• file.mode -Returns access mode with which file was opened.
• file.name -Returns name of the file.
• file.encoding -Returns encoding of the file.
🞆Example:
fo = open("F:\\2019-2020\\PYTH prog\\README.txt","w)
print("Name of the file: ",fo.name)
print("Closed or not : ",fo.closed)
print("Opening mode : ",fo.mode)
print("File encoding : ",fo.encoding)
🞆Output:
Name of the file: F:\2019-2020\PYTH prog\README.txt
Closed or not : False
Opening mode : w
File encoding : cp1252
READING DATA FROM FILES:
read() Method-
🞆The read() method reads a string from an open file. It is
important to note that Python strings can have binary data.
apart from text data.
🞆Syntax :
fileObject.read([count])

Here, passed parameter is the number of bytes to be

read from the opened file. This method starts reading from
the beginning of the file and if count is missing, then it tries
to read as much as possible, maybe until the end of file.
🞆Example:
fo = open("F:\\2019-2020\\PYTH prog\\README.txt","r”)
str=fo.read(5)
print("Read String is : ",str)
print(fo.read(3))
print(fo.read())
fo.close() # Close opened file

🞆Output:
Read String is : Hello
Wo
rld
readline() Method-
🞆Python readline() method will return a line from the file when called.
🞆 The readline() method output the entire line whereas readline(n)
outputs at most n bytes of a single line of a file.
🞆 Once the end of line is reached, we get empty string on further
reading.
🞆 Syntax : fileObject.readline([count])
Here, passed parameter is the number of bytes of a single line to be
read from the opened file.
🞆 Example

fo = open("F:\\2019-2020\\PYTH prog\\README.txt","r")
print(fo.readline())
print(fo.readline(3))
print(fo.readline())
print(fo.readline())
print(fo.readline())
🞆readlines() Method-
readlines() method will return all the lines in a file in the format of a list
where each element is a line in the file.

Syntax : fileObject.readlines()

Example:
fo = open("F:\\2019-2020\\PYTH prog\\README.txt","r")
print(fo.readlines())
WRITING FILES:
🞆There are two ways to write in a file. write(string) :
Inserts the string str1 in a single line in the text file.
Syntax: File_object.write(str1)

e.g. # Program to write Hello World in a file

fo = open("README.txt","w+")
fo.write("Hello World\n")
fo = open("README.txt","r")
print(fo.read())

Output: Hello World

writelines(List) :
🞆 For a list of string elements, each string is inserted in the text
file. Used to insert multiple strings at a single time.
L = [str1, str2, str3]
🞆 Syntax: File_object.writelines(L)
e.g. # Program to write sequence of strings in a file L=["str1\
n","str2\n","str3\n"]
fo = open("README.txt","w+")
fo.writelines(L)
fo = open("README.txt","r")
print(fo.read())

Output: str1
str2
str3
CLOSING A FILE:
🞆When we are done with operations to the file we need to
properly close the file.
🞆Closing a file will free up the resources that were tied
with the filed and is done using python close() method.

# Program closing a file

fo = open("README.txt")
print("Name of the file: ",fo.name)
fo.close()
🞆Output:
Name of the file: README.txt
RENAMING A FILE:
🞆Renaming a file in python is done with the help of rename()
method. To rename a file in python the OS module needs to be
imported.
🞆OS module allows us to perform operating system dependent
operations such as making a folder, listing contents of a folder
etc.
🞆The rename() method takes two arguments, the current
filename and the new filename.
🞆Syntax :

os.rename(current_filename, new_filename)
🞆# Program for renaming files

import os
print("Present working directory\n",os.listdir())
os.rename("README.txt","newREADME.txt") print("Present
working directory\n",os.listdir())
DELETING A FILE:
🞆We can use the remove() method to delete files by supplying
the name of the file to be deleted as the argument.
🞆To remove a file, the OS module need to be imported.
🞆Syntax: os.remove(filename)
🞆# Program for removing files
import os
print("Present working directory\n",os.listdir())
os.remove(“myfile.txt")
print("Present working directory\n",os.listdir())
WRITE PYTHON PROGRAM TO READ
CONTENTS OF ABC.TXT AND WRITE SAME
CONTENT TO PQR.TXT.

with open('abc.txt','r') as firstfile, open('prq.txt','w') as

secondfile:
# read content from first file
for line in firstfile:
# write content to second file
secondfile.write(line)
DIRECTORIES IN PYTHON:
🞆If there is large number of files to handle in python program,
we can arrange the code within different directories to make
things more manageable.
🞆A directory or folder is a collection of files and sub
directories.
🞆Python has the OS module, which provides us with many
useful methods to work with directories.
DIRECTORY RELATED STANDARD
FUNCTIONS:
1. Create New Directory:
🞆 We can make a new directory using the mkdir() method.
🞆 This method takes in the path of the new directory.
🞆 If the full path is not specified, the new directory is created in
the current working directory.
🞆 e.g. import os
os.mkdir("testdir")
2. Get Current Directory :
🞆We can get the present working directory using the getcwd()
method.
🞆This method returns the current working directory in the form
of a string.
🞆e.g.
import os
print(os.getcwd())
3. Changing Directory:
🞆We can change the current working directory using the
chdir() method.
🞆The new path that we want to change to must be supplied as a
string to this method. We can use both forward slash (/) or the
backward slash (\) to separate path elements.
🞆Example:
import os
print(os.getcwd())
os.chdir("F:\\2019-2020")
print(os.getcwd())
🞆Output:
F:\2019-2020\PYTH prog
F:\2019-2020
4. List Directories and Files:
🞆 All files and sub directories inside a directory can be known
using the listdir() method.
🞆This method takes in a path and returns a list of sub
directories and files in that path.
🞆If no path is specified, it returns from the current working
directory.
🞆e.g.
import os
print(os.listdir())
5. Removing Directory:
🞆 A file can be removed (deleted) using the remove() method.
🞆Similarly, the rmdir() method removes an empty directory.
🞆e.g.
import os
os.rmdir("testdir")
EXCEPTION HANDLING:
Introduction:
🞆When we execute a python program there may be a few
uncertain conditions which occur, known as errors.
🞆There are three types of errors.
1. Compile Time Error- Occurs at the time of compilation due
to violation of syntax rules like missing of a colon.
2. Run Time Error- Occurs during the runtime of a program
due to wrong input submitted to the program by user.
3. Logical Errors- Occurs due to wrong logic written in the
program.
🞆An exception is an event which occurs during the execution
of a program that disrupts the normal flow of the
program’s instructions.
🞆An exception is also called as runtime error that can halt the
execution of the program.
🞆Python has many built-in exceptions which forces your
program to output an error when something in it goes wrong.
🞆When these exceptions occur, it causes the current process to
stop and passes it to the calling process until it is handled. If
not handled, our program will crash.
🞆For example, if function A calls function B which in turn calls
function C and an exception occurs in function C. If it is not
handled in C, the exception passes to B and then to A.
🞆If never handled, an error message is spit out and our
program come to a sudden, unexpected halt.
🞆For handling exception in python, the exception handler
block needs to be written which consists of set of statements
that need to be executed according to raised exception.
🞆There are three blocks that are used in the exception handling
process, namely try, except and finally.
🞆try Block- A set of statements that may cause error during
runtime are to be written in the try block.
🞆except Block- It is written to display the execution details to
the user when certain exception occurs in the program.
The except block executed only when a certain type as
exception occurs in the execution statements written in the try
block.
🞆finally Block- This is the last block written while writing an
exception handler in the program which indicates the set of
statements that are used to clean up the resources used by the
program.
EXCEPTION HANDLING IN PYTHON:
‘try : except’ statement-
🞆In Python, exceptions can be handled using a try statement.
🞆A critical operation which can raise exception is placed inside
the try clause and the code that handles exception is written in
except clause.
🞆It is up to us, what operations we perform once we have
caught the exception.
🞆Syntax:
try:
# Some Code
except:
# Executed if error in the
# try block
# Program for use of try except statement

n=10
m=0
try:
n/m
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Divide by zero error")
else:
print(n/m)

Output:
Divide by zero error
else Clause:
🞆In python, you can also use the else clause on the try-except
block which must be present after all the except clauses.
🞆The code enters the else block only if the try clause does not
raise an exception.

🞆Syntax:
try:
# Some Code
except:
# Executed if error in the try block
else:
# execute if no exception
Finally Keyword in Python
🞆 Python provides a keyword finally, which is always executed after
the try and except blocks.
🞆 The final block always executes after normal termination of try
block or after try block terminates due to some exceptions.

🞆 Syntax:
try:
# Some Code
except:
# Executed if error in the
# try block
else:
# execute if no exception
finally:
# Some code .....(always executed)
🞆# Program to check for ZeroDivisionError Exception

x=int(input("Enter first value: "))

y=int(input("Enter second value: "))
try:
result=x/y
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Division by Zero")
else:
print("Result is: ",result)
finally:
print("Execute finally clause")
OUTPUT

Enter first value: 5

Enter second value: 0
Divison by Zero
Execute finally clause

Enter first value: 10

Enter second value: 5
Result is: 2.0
Execute finally clause
raise statement:
🞆In Python programming, exceptions are raised when
corresponding errors occur at run time, but we can forcefully
raise it using the keyword raise.
🞆We can also optionally pass in value to the exception to clarify
why that exception was raised.
🞆# Program using raise statement to throw exception if age is less
that 18 condition occurs
while True:
try:
age=int(input("Enter your age for election: "))
if age<18
raise Exception
else:
print("You are eligible for election")
break
except Exception:
print("This value is too small, try again")
🞆Output:
Enter your age for election: 15
This value is too small, try again

Enter your age for election: 20

You are eligible for election
 USER DEFINED EXCEPTION:
🞆Python has many built-in exceptions which forces your program
to output an error when something in it goes wrong.
🞆However, sometimes you may need to create custom exceptions
that serve your purpose.
🞆In Python, users can define such exceptions by creating a new
class. This exception class has to be derived, either directly or
indirectly, from Exception class. Most of the built-in exceptions
are also derived from this class.
🞆User can also create and raise his/her own exception known as
user defined exception.
# Program to raise user defined exception if age is less than 18
#define python user defined exception
class error(Exception):
"""Base class for other exceptions"""
#empty class
pass
class AgeSmallException(error):
"""Raised when the input value is too small"""
#empty class
pass
# main program
while True:
try:
age=int(input("Enter your age for election: "))
if age<18
raise AgeSmallException
else:
print("You are eligible for election")
break
except AgeSmallException:
print("This value is too small , try again")
print()
🞆Output:
Enter your age for election: 15
This value is too small , try again
Enter your age for election: 20
You are eligible for election