Chapter 3 DLD

By Abinet.
3. DIGITAL LOGIC GATES

 The logic gate are the fundamental building blocks from which all other logic circuits
and digital systems are constructed.
 Digital (logic) circuits operate in the binary mode where each input and output
voltage is either a 0 or a 1
 This characteristic of logic circuits allows us to use Boolean algebra as a tool for the
analysis and design of digital systems.
 Boolean algebra is a relatively simple mathematical tool that allows us to describe
the relationship between a logic circuit’s output(s) and its Inputs as an algebraic
equation (a Boolean expression).
 A Boolean variable is a quantity that may, be equal to either 0 or 1.
 Thus, Boolean 0 and 1 do not present actual numbers but instead represent the
state of a voltage variable, or what is called its logic level.
 Truth Table:- A truth table lists all possible combinations of input binary variables
and the corresponding outputs of a logic system.
 The number of possible input combinations will equal to 2n for an n-input truth table.
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3. DIGITAL LOGIC GATES

 There are three basic logic gates, namely the OR gate, the AND gate and the NOT gate.
 Other logic gates that are derived from these basic gates are the NAND gate, the NOR
gate, the EXCLUSIVEOR gate and the EXCLUSIVE-NOR gate.
A. THE INVERTER(NOT Gate)
 A NOT gate is a one-input, one-output logic circuit whose output is always the
complement of the input.
 The inverter changes one logic level to the opposite level. In terms of bits, it changes a
1 to a 0 and a 0 to a 1.
 Standard logic symbols for the inverter are shown in Figure below.
 The NOT operation on a logic variable X is denoted as

 This operation is summarized using truth table as shown below.

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B. The OR Gate
 An OR gate is a logic circuit with two or more inputs and one output.
 Figure below is the logic symbol for a two-input OR gate.
 The OR gate operates in such a way that its output is HIGH (logic’ 1) if either input A or B or
both are at a logic 1 level, otherwise the output will be LOW
 The operation is summarized using truth table for two inputs variables.
 Addition in Boolean algebra involves variables whose values are either binary 1 or binary 0.
 The basic rules for Boolean addition are as follows:
 Expression:-If one input variable is A, if the other input
variable is B, and if the output variable is X, then the Boolean expression is:
X=A+B
 For instance, the function of a 3-input OR gate can be expressed as X = A + B + C. and so on.
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B. The AND Gate

 An AND gate is a logic circuit having two or more inputs and one output.
 Figure below is the logic symbol for a two-input AND gate (a).
 The AND gate is a circuit that operates in such a way that its output is HIGH only when
all its inputs are HIGH. For all other cases the AND gate output is LOW.
 The operation is summarized using truth table for two inputs variables in above table
(b).
 Boolean multiplication follows the same basic rules governing
binary multiplication.
 Expression:- If one input variable is A, the other input variable is B, and
the output variable is X, then the Boolean expression is X=AB
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B. The NAND Gate

 The NAND gate is a popular logic element because it can be used as a universal gate: that is,
NAND gates can be used in combination to perform the AND, OR, and inverter operations.
 The term NAND is a contraction of NOT-AND and implies an AND function with a
complemented (inverted) output.
 The standard logic symbol for a 2-input NAND gate is shown below.
 A NAND gate produces a LOW output only when

all the inputs are HIGH. When any of the inputs is LOW, the output will be HIGH.
 The operation is summarized using truth table above.
 The truth table in above table shows that the NAND gate output is the exact inverse of the
AND gate for all possible input conditions.
 NAND gate operation is logically expressed as
 In general, the Boolean expression for a NAND gate with more than two inputs can be written
as
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B. The NOR Gate

 The NOR gate, like the NAND gate, is a useful logic element because it can also be
used as a universal gate;
 The term NOR is a contraction of NOT-OR and implies an OR function with an
inverted (complemented) output.
 The standard logic symbol for a 2-input NOR gate and its equivalent OR gate
followed by an inverter are shown in figure below.
 A NOR gate produces a LOW output when any of its inputs is HIGH.
Only when all of its inputs are LOW is the output HIGH.
 The truth table is shown as above.
 The output of a two-input NOR gate is logically expressed as
 In general, the Boolean expression for a NOR gate with more than two inputs can be
written as:
By Abinet.A
B. The EXCLUSIVE-OR Gate

 Standard symbols (a) and the truth table (b) for an exclusive-OR (XOR)
gate are shown in Figure below.
 The XOR gate has only two inputs.
 The output of an exclusive-OR gate is HIGH only when the two inputs
are at opposite logic levels.
 The output of a two-input EX-OR gate is expressed by
 Example:- How do you implement three-input and four-input EX-OR
logic functions with the help of two-input EX-OR gates?(a)

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B. The EXCLUSIVE-NOR Gate

 Standard symbols (a) for an exclusive-NOR (XNOR) gate are shown in Figure below
 Like the XOR gate, an XNOR has only two inputs.
 The bubble on the output of the XNOR symbol indicates that its output is opposite that of the
XOR gate.
 When the two input logic levels are opposite, the output of the exclusive-NOR gate is LOW.
 The truth table is shown above.

 The output of a two-input EX-NOR gate is expressed by:
 Example:-How do you implement a three-input EX-NOR function using only two-input EX-NOR
gates?
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Timing Diagrams
 A timing diagram ¡s a graphical method of showing the exact output behavior
of a logic circuit for every possible set of input conditions.
 It is often used to describe the operation of digital devices because its visual
characteristics are much easier to understand than a word explanation.
 Example 1:- If two waveforms, A and B, are applied to the AND gate inputs as
in Figure below, what is the resulting output waveform?
 If two waveforms, A and B, are applied to the AND gate inputs as in Figure
below, what is the resulting output waveform?
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Cont.…
 Example 3:- For the situation depicted in Figure below, determine the
waveform at the OR gate output and AND gate output?
 Determine the output waveform of a NAND gate, a NOR gate, a XOR

gate and a X-NOR having the inputs shown in Figure below.

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By Abinet.

3. DIGITAL LOGIC GATES

3. DIGITAL LOGIC GATES

 The NOT operation on a logic variable X is denoted as

WOLAITA SODO UNIVERSITY.

B. The AND Gate

B. The NAND Gate

 A NAND gate produces a LOW output only when

B. The NOR Gate

B. The EXCLUSIVE-OR Gate

WOLAITA SODO UNIVERSITY.

B. The EXCLUSIVE-NOR Gate

 The truth table is shown above.

 Determine the output waveform of a NAND gate, a NOR gate, a XOR

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