1

WRI TI NG
CH APTER 3
UNDERSTANDING DATA
AND WAYS TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT DATA

Pede I. Casing, LPT, PhD

 Learning Goals 3

Knowing Your Destination. Informing the Journey

choose appropriate quantitative research design

describe sampling procedure and the sample

construct an instrument and establishes its validity and

reliability

plan data collection procedure

plan data analysis using statistics and hypothesis testing

(if appropriate);
 Chapter 3 4

METHODOLOGY
Research Design

The Sample

The Instrument

Intervention

Data Collection Procedure

Plan for Data Analysis

 Research Design 5

What’s the plan? Participants are randomly

selected. There is an
experimental and a controlled
group where the
Quantitative Research Designs experimental group is
exposed to treatment.

True Experimental
Design
Descriptive Correlational Experimental
Quasi-Experimental
Research primarily Design
Participants are not randomly
concerned with cause
Used to investigate the selected.
and effect
Cross-sectional survey direction and
relationships in studies Pre-Experimental
design is done when magnitude of Design
that involve
data is collected at a relationships among One-group pretest-posttest
manipulation and design provides a
single point in time. variables in a
measurement. It comparative description of a
particular population.
utilizes the method of group of participants before
and after the experimental
difference.
treatment.
 Research Design 6

Writing this section

This study is quantitative in nature since the What is the general methodology or
research questions seek answers that lead to 01 research design do you intend to utilize in
numerical data. Specifically, the study is your proposed study?
correlational as it aims to determine if there is an
association between senior high school students’ 02 Why did you choose this research design?
use of social media and their attention span in
class and assess whether the degree of
association between these variables is significant. What specific type of the research design
03
Cristobal & Cristobal (2016) defines correlation will you use?
research as the research design employed to
investigate the direction and magnitude of Why did you choose this specific
relationships among variables in a particular 04
methodology?
population.
 Sampling Techniques 7

Probability Sampling

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

Drawing randomly from a list of the Taking every kth element in the
population (e.g.: names from a hat, using a population as a sample, where
matrix of random numbers).
 Sampling Techniques 8

Probability Sampling

STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING CLUSTER SAMPLING

a process in which certain
The selection of groups, or
subgroups, or strata, are selected for the
clusters, of subjects rather than
sample in the same proportion as they
individuals
exist in the population
 Sampling Techniques 9

Non-Probability Sampling

3
QUOTA SAMPLING
CONVENIENCE The number of samples is
SAMPLING decided by the researcher and
is selecting a group of selection is also made out of
individuals who are availability of the respondent.
conveniently available
for study
 Sampling Techniques 10

Non-Probability Sampling

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING SNOWBALL SAMPLING

Using researcher’s judgment to select
a sample that they believe, based on One sample leads on to more
prior information, will provide the of the same kind of sample.
data they need.
Think of this 11

A researcher wants to conduct a practical

research in order to determine the
effectiveness of peer counseling reduce the
truancy of his classmates. Of his 56
classmates, he has selected 20 whose
residences are within a kilometer’s radius
from the school.

What sampling technique did the

researcher use?
Do you agree on the strategy he has
employed?
 12

The Sample
The target population of the study will be the senior high school students during
the second term of the academic year, 2017-2018 of Jose Rizal Memorial State
University, Main Campus, Dapitan City. These students belong to three different
strands of the SHS program, namely: Accountancy and Business Management
(ABM); Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS); Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM).

With a population size of 500, the researchers will consider a sample of 223
respondents determined using Slovin’s formula for computing sample size with a
five percent margin of error. These samples shall be randomly selected through
stratified random sampling with the SHS strands being used to define groups and
SPSS to randomly determine the samples.
 The Instrument
13

The Key to Finding the Answers

A survey questionnaire is a commonly used

1 This refers to the questionnaire or data
gathering tool to be constructed,
type of instrument in research that lists questions
about a topic with spaces for responses.
validated and administered.

If researcher-made, it must be tested Yes/No Coding

2 for validity and reliability.
Do you consider research to
be important?
I use my phone during class.
___ 4 Always
___ 3 Often
Recognition ___ 2 Seldom
If adopted, the student should indicate
3 its description as to its items, scoring
Which of the following do
you consider in buying a
phone?
___ 1 Never

and qualification. ___ brand name Subjective

___ price How do you feel when you

4 The researcher must explain its parts,

and how the instrument will be
___ specs
___ others, please specify
leave your phone at home
accidentally.

validated. The instrument to be used Completion TYPES of

should be appended. When I hear my phone ring,
I _____________________
QUESTIONS
 The Instrument
14

The Key to Finding the Answers

Instrument Design Name (Optional)

____________________________
A good questionnaire must
Age _________ Sex __ M __ F Grade
___
1 Contain different types of questions:
personal, attitudinal or behavioral;
I am enthusiastic about being a student
sensitive questions (if applicable).
___ SA ____ A ____DA ____SD
Use strategies for good construction:
2 uses clear language, makes sure that
answer options do not overlap; posing
questions that are applicable to Validity is the ability of an instrument to
participants. measure what it intends to measure.

Reliability refers to the consistency of results.

Valid and reliable. Underwent pilot
3 testing to a small number of
individuals.
 Please repeat the question.
15

Evaluating questions
Do you like cellphones?
Unclear, vague question Whenever the teacher is discussing in front of
Do you believe that students must be allowed the class and a phone rings right in the middle of
to use cellphones during class? it, it can be distracting. Do you find the ringing
of a phone distracting enough to take you out of
Do you believe cellphones and laptops must be your focus?
allowed for use inside the classroom? Too long
A combination of two questions Do you find ringing sounds of a phone
Do you believe that laptops must be allowed distracting while in class?
for use inside the classroom?
Agree or disagree: The school should not
Do you consider a quadcore processor to be an discontinue its ban of cellular phones in class.
important feature of a cellphone? Double negatives
Contains jargon Do you agree that the school should continue
Is the speed of response of the cellphone banning phones in class?
important to you?
 The Instrument
16

Writing this section

What instruments will you use to

Social Media Usage and Attention Span: Evidenced gather data to answer your research
from Senior High School Students’ Experience
01
questions? Describe the instruments.
Specifically, this study shall seek answers to the following
questions: Why did you choose these
1. What is the level of social media usage of Grade 12 02 instruments?
students of Jose Rizal Memorial State University
(JRMU) in terms of: What are the major parts of your
a. forms of social media; instruments including the major
b. frequency of social media use; 03 variables and sub-variables to be
c. mode of social media use; measured?
2. What is the attention span in class of Grade 12 students
of JRMSU?
04 What rating scale will you use?
 The Instrument
17

Writing this section

This study shall make use of two research instruments to

provide data on the variables being studied. A validated
What instruments will you use to
questionnaire will be used to determine the respondents’ level of 01 gather data to answer your research
social media use. To measure the respondents’ attention span in questions? Describe the instruments.
class, the researchers intend to use a mobile application. These
instruments are further described in the succeeding paragraphs.
Why did you choose these
02 instruments?
Social Media Usage Questionnaire. This will be used to
assess the respondents’ level of social media use in terms of
three factors: form of social media use, frequency of use, and
What are the major parts of your
mode of use. It was developed and tested for validity and instruments including the major
reliability by Cruz (2012) for his research on the impact of social
03 variables and sub-variables to be
media usage on the academic performance of Grade 10 students measured?
in the Philippines. Aside from being recent, the researchers have
decided to use the instruments because it has been constructed 04 What rating scale will you use?
with the context of Filipino students in mind.
 The Instrument
18

Writing this section

The questionnaire is composed of four parts. Part one

seeks to gather data regarding the demographic profile of What instruments will you use to
the respondents, namely: sex, age, and SHS strand. Part two 01 gather data to answer your research
presents the available forms of social media and instructs questions? Describe the instruments.
the respondents to check those which they use, as many as
applies. Part three seeks to determine how frequent the
respondents use social media by asking them to rate their Why did you choose these
level of frequency to 10 statements. Possible responses are
02 instruments?
limited to a five-point Likert scale: (5) Always, (4) Often;
(3) Sometimes; (2) Seldom; (1) Never. What are the major parts of your
instruments including the major
03 variables and sub-variables to be
measured?

04 What rating scale will you use?

 The Intervention
19

What treatment?

How many groups are there? Describe the

Clearly and completely describe
how the intervention will be
1 group(s). If there are two, state the similarities and
differences.
implemented, such that the reader What will happen to each group in the experiment
can replicate the intervention. 2 that you intend to do? Discuss the procedure step-
Describe what happens in by-step.
comparison group.
Explain what each participant will do in each step.
3 Also, describe how long each of these steps will
take.
 Data Collection Procedure
20

Let others know step-by-step

The process for gathering the needed data in the study is

Describe whose permission will be described in the following steps.
sought and what arrangements 1. The researcher shall seek the permission of the
1 need to be made to administer
authors of the instruments that will be adapted in this
study.
instruments. 2. The researchers will secure permission of the
After all permissions have been university to obtain a list of SHS students from which
the samples will be selected. Also, a permission to
granted, discuss how the samples conduct data collection will be sought from the
will be contacted and explain the
2 process of administering the
concerned officials of the school.
3. The questionnaires shall be distributed to the selected
questionnaires. samples during one of their classes with a permission
from the facilitating professor and the note of
approval of the university.
4. Questionnaires shall be retrieved the same day as they
State how the questionnaires will
3 be retrieved.
were given to ensure a higher return percentage of
questionnaires.
 Data Collection Procedure 21
Let others know step-by-step
Data-Collection Procedure

The researcher shall seek permission from the

Describe whose permission will be authors of the instruments that will be adapted in this
sought and what arrangements study. The researchers will secure permission from
1 need to be made to administer the Dean of the College of Education of JRMSU to
obtain a list of SHS students from which the samples
instruments. will be selected. Also, a permission to conduct data
After all permissions have been collection will be sought from the concerned officials
of the school. The questionnaires shall be distributed
granted, discuss how the samples
to the selected samples during one of their classes
will be contacted and explain the
2 process of administering the
with a permission from the facilitating professor and
the note of approval from the President of the
questionnaires. university. Questionnaires shall be retrieved the same
day as they were given to ensure a higher return
percentage of questionnaires.
State how the questionnaires will
3 be retrieved.
 Plan for Data Analysis
22

Putting Puzzle Pieces Together

This section indicates how the data will be
analyzed and reported; it should specify the
qualitative and/or quantitative methods that will
be used in analyzing the data gathered for the
research.
Describe analysis to be done for each
1 research question, following sequence
in Statement of Problem.
State if tests of hypotheses will be
2 done and for what purpose.

Add scoring system for instruments.

3
Avoid giving formulas or standard
4 procedures for statistical tools.
 Plan for Data Analysis
23

Putting Puzzle Pieces Together

This section indicates how the data will be
analyzed and reported; it should specify the To answer the questions presented under the Statement of the
qualitative and/or quantitative methods that will Problem, the following statistical tools will be employed:
be used in analyzing the data gathered for the 1. Percentages will be used to present and analyze data
research. regarding the demographic profile of the respondents.
2. Weighted mean will be computed to represent the
Describe analysis to be done for each responses of each respondent to the questionnaire and their
1 research question, following sequence attention span score while standard deviation will be used
in Statement of Problem. to determine the degree of variability in these values. This
mean shall be interpreted as follows:
State if tests of hypotheses will be
2 done and for what purpose.
3. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient will
be used to determine the degree of relationship between
social media use and attention span. The correlation
Add scoring system for instruments. coefficient will be interpreted as follows (Dela Cruz, 2005)
3
Avoid giving formulas or standard
4 procedures for statistical tools.