ME 429

Integration Course in Power Plant

and Industrial Plant

AIR-CONDITIONING
and REFRIGERATION
Sample Problems for
Properties of Air
Example #1 Air has a temperature of 30°C and an enthalpy of 65
kJ/kg. Determine the specific humidity, dewpoint temp., relative
humidity, and specific volume of the air.

Given: Sol’n:
= 30 0.622 𝑃 𝑣
𝑆𝐻 = 𝑃 𝑣 =? 𝑃 𝑣 =𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 @𝑡 𝑑𝑝
= 65 kJ/kg 𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑣

h=𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑑𝑏 ) + 𝑆𝐻 ( h 𝑔 )
𝑎
Req’d:
SH = ? 𝑆𝐻 ( h𝑔 )=h− 𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑑𝑏 )
𝑎
=?
RH = ?
h −𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑑𝑏 )
=? 𝑆𝐻 = 𝑎

h𝑔
Example #1 Air has a temperature of 30°C and an enthalpy of 65
kJ/kg. Determine the specific humidity, dewpoint temp., relative
humidity, and specific volume of the air.

Given: Sol’n:
= 30 h −𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑑𝑏 ) 𝑘𝐽
𝑐 𝑝 =1.0062
= 65 kJ/kg 𝑆𝐻 = 𝑎 𝑎
𝑘𝑔𝑎 −℃
h𝑔 𝑘𝐽
h 𝑔=h𝑔 @ 30 ℃¿ 2556.3 𝑘𝑔
𝑣
Req’d:
SH = ?
𝑆𝐻 =
( 65
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 𝑎 ) (
− 1.0062
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔𝑎 −℃
( 30 ℃ )
)
=?
𝑘𝐽
RH = ? 2556.3
𝑘𝑔𝑣
=?
𝒌𝒈 𝒗
𝑺𝑯=𝟎 . 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟏𝟖𝟗
𝒌𝒈 𝒂
Example #1 Air has a temperature of 30°C and an enthalpy of 65
kJ/kg. Determine the specific humidity, dewpoint temp., relative
humidity, and specific volume of the air.

Given: Sol’n:
= 30 𝑃 𝑣 =𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 @𝑡 𝑑𝑝 𝑃𝑇
− 1=
0.622
= 65 kJ/kg 𝑃𝑣 𝑆𝐻
𝑡 𝑑𝑝 =𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡 @ 𝑃 𝑣 𝑃 𝑣 =?
𝑃𝑇
Req’d:
SH = 0.0136189 kg/kg
𝑆𝐻 =
0.622 𝑃 𝑣
𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑣 𝑃𝑣
=
𝑆𝐻(
0.622
+1 )
=?
0.622 𝑃 𝑣
RH = ? 𝑃 𝑇 − 𝑃 𝑣= 𝑃𝑇
𝑆𝐻 =𝑃𝑣
( )
=? 0.622
+1
𝑃 𝑇 − 𝑃 𝑣 0.622 𝑆𝐻
=
𝑃𝑣 𝑆𝐻
Example #1 Air has a temperature of 30°C and an enthalpy of 65
kJ/kg. Determine the specific humidity, dewpoint temp., relative
humidity, and specific volume of the air.

Given: Sol’n:
= 30 𝑃𝑇
𝑃𝑣= 𝑡 𝑑𝑝 =𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡 @ 2.1710 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 65 kJ/kg
( 0.622
𝑆𝐻
+1 )
101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Req’d: 𝑃𝑣=
SH = 0.0136189 kg/kg
=?
(
0.622
0.0136189
+1 ) 𝒕 𝒅𝒑 =𝟏𝟖 .𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟓℃
RH = ?
𝑃 𝑣 =2.1710 𝑘𝑃𝑎
=?
Example #1 Air has a temperature of 30°C and an enthalpy of 65
kJ/kg. Determine the specific humidity, dewpoint temp., relative
humidity, and specific volume of the air.

Given: Sol’n:
= 30 𝑃𝑣 𝑃 𝑣 =2.1710 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑅𝐻 = ×100 %
= 65 kJ/kg 𝑃 𝑑𝑏 𝑃 𝑑𝑏 =𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 @ 30 ℃¿ 4.246 𝑘𝑃𝑎

2.1710 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Req’d: 𝑅𝐻 = ×100 %
SH = 0.0136189 kg/kg
4.246 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 18.8015 °C
RH = ? 𝑹𝑯 =𝟓𝟏.𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟓 %
=?
Example #1 Air has a temperature of 30°C and an enthalpy of 65
kJ/kg. Determine the specific humidity, dewpoint temp., relative
humidity, and specific volume of the air.

Given: Sol’n:
= 30 𝑅𝑎 𝑇 𝑎
𝑣 𝑎= 𝑃 𝑎= 𝑃 𝑇 − 𝑃 𝑣
= 65 kJ/kg 𝑃𝑎
𝑅𝑎 𝑇 𝑎
𝑣 𝑎= 𝑇 𝑎=30 ℃ +273=303 𝐾
Req’d: 𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑣
SH = 0.0136189 kg/kg
= 18.8015 °C
𝑣 =
( 0.28708
𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 )
( 303 𝐾 )
RH = 51.1305% 𝑎
𝑘𝑁
( 101.325 −2.1710 )
=? 𝑚
2

𝟑
𝒎
𝒗 𝒂 =𝟎 . 𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟐𝟕𝟒
𝒌𝒈
Example #2 A 4 m x 4 m x 4 m room has a relative humidity ratio of
80%. The pressure in the room is 120 kPa and temperature is
35°C (Psat = 5.628 kPa). What is the mass of vapor in the room?

Given: Sol’n:
𝑚𝑣
V = 4 x 4 x 4 m3
𝑆𝐻 = 𝑚𝑣 =𝑆𝐻 ( 𝑚 𝑎 ) 𝑆𝐻 =?
= 80% 𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑎 =?
= 120 kPa
0.622 𝑃 𝑣 𝑃𝑣
= 35 𝑆𝐻 = 𝑃 𝑣 =? 𝑅𝐻 =
𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑣 𝑃 𝑑𝑏
= 5.628 kPa
𝑃 𝑣 =𝑅𝐻 ( 𝑃 𝑑𝑏¿) 0.80 (5.628 𝑘𝑃𝑎 )
Req’d:
𝑃 𝑣 =4.5024 𝑘𝑃𝑎
=?
0.622 ( 4.5024 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ) 𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑆𝐻 = ¿ 0.0242472
( 120 − 4.5024 ) 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑘𝑔𝑎
Example #2 A 4 m x 4 m x 4 m room has a relative humidity ratio of
80%. The pressure in the room is 120 kPa and temperature is
35°C (Psat = 5.628 kPa). What is the mass of vapor in the room?

Given: Sol’n:
V = 4 x 4 x 4 m3 𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑚𝑣 =𝑆𝐻 ( 𝑚 𝑎 ) 𝑆𝐻 =0.0242472
= 80% 𝑘𝑔𝑎
= 120 kPa 𝑚𝑎 =?
= 35
= 5.628 kPa
𝑃𝑎 𝑉 𝑎 𝑃 𝑎= 𝑃 𝑇 − 𝑃 𝑣 𝑃 𝑣 =4.5024 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚𝑎 =
𝑅𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑃 𝑎= (120 − 4.5024 ) 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Req’d:
=? 𝑃 𝑎=115.4976 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇 𝑎=35 ℃ +273=308 𝐾
3
𝑉 𝑎=64 𝑚
Example #2 A 4 m x 4 m x 4 m room has a relative humidity ratio of
80%. The pressure in the room is 120 kPa and temperature is
35°C (Psat = 5.628 kPa). What is the mass of vapor in the room?

Given: Sol’n:
V = 4 x 4 x 4 m3 𝑃𝑎 𝑉 𝑎 𝑃 𝑎=115.4976 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚𝑎 =
= 80% 𝑅𝑎 𝑇 𝑎 𝑇 𝑎=308 𝐾
= 120 kPa 3
𝑉 𝑎=64 𝑚
= 35
= 5.628 kPa

𝑚𝑎 =
(𝑘𝑁
𝑚 2
( 64 𝑚
115.4976
3
) )
Req’d:
=?
(
0.28708
𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑘𝑔− 𝐾
( 308 𝐾 ) )
𝑚𝑎 =83.5987 𝑘𝑔
Example #2 A 4 m x 4 m x 4 m room has a relative humidity ratio of
80%. The pressure in the room is 120 kPa and temperature is
35°C (Psat = 5.628 kPa). What is the mass of vapor in the room?

Given: Sol’n:
V = 4 x 4 x 4 m3 𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑚𝑣 =𝑆𝐻 ( 𝑚 𝑎 ) 𝑆𝐻 =0.0242472
= 80% 𝑘𝑔𝑎
= 120 kPa 𝑚𝑎 =83.5987 𝑘𝑔
= 35
= 5.628 kPa
(
𝑚𝑣 = 0.0242472
𝑘𝑔 𝑣
𝑘𝑔 𝑎
( )
83.5987 𝑘𝑔 𝑎 )

Req’d:
=? 𝒎𝒗 =𝟐 . 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟎𝒌𝒈 𝒗
Example #2 A 4 m x 4 m x 4 m room has a relative humidity ratio of
80%. The pressure in the room is 120 kPa and temperature is
35°C (Psat = 5.628 kPa). What is the mass of vapor in the room?

Given: Sol’n:
V = 4 x 4 x 4 m3 𝑃𝑣𝑉 𝑣 𝑃 𝑣 =4.5024 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 80%
𝑚𝑣 =
𝑅𝑣 𝑇 𝑣 𝑉 𝑣 =𝑉 𝑎 =64 𝑚
3

= 120 kPa
= 35
𝑇 𝑣 =𝑇 𝑎=308 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
= 5.628 kPa 𝑅 𝑣 =0.4615
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
Req’d:
𝑚𝑣 =
𝑘𝑁
𝑚(2
( 64 𝑚 )
4.5024 ) 3

= 2.0270 kg
0.4615(𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 (
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
308 𝐾 ) )
𝒎𝒗 =𝟐 . 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟐𝒌𝒈 𝒗
Sample Problems for
Air Mixing
Example #1 Outdoor air at 30°C dry-bulb and 19°C dewpoint temperature
is to be mixed with room air at 26°C dry-bulb temperature and specific
humidity of 0.0105 kgv/kga . The mass of outdoor air is one-third of the
Given: mass of the mixture. Find the following properties of the mixed air:
dry-bulb temp., specific humidity, enthalpy, relative humidity, dewpoint
= 30 temp., and specific volume.
= 19
= 26 Sol’n:
= 0.0105 kgv/kga 𝑚𝑜 𝑡 𝑑𝑏 + 𝑚𝑟 𝑡 𝑑𝑏
+ 𝑡 𝑑𝑏 = 𝑜 𝑟

= 1/3
𝑚𝑖𝑥
𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑥

𝑚𝑜 𝑆𝐻 𝑜 + 𝑚𝑟 𝑆𝐻 𝑟
Req’d: + 𝑆𝐻 𝑚𝑖𝑥 =
=? 𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑥
=? 𝑚𝑜 h𝑜 + 𝑚𝑟 h𝑟
+ h 𝑚𝑖𝑥 =
=? 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑥
=?
1 2
=? + ¿ 𝑚 + 𝑚𝑟 𝑚 =𝑚𝑟
3 𝑚𝑖𝑥 3 𝑚𝑖𝑥
=?
Example #1 Outdoor air at 30°C dry-bulb and 19°C dewpoint temperature
is to be mixed with room air at 26°C dry-bulb temperature and specific
humidity of 0.0105 kgv/kga . The mass of outdoor air is one-third of the
Given: mass of the mixture. Find the following properties of the mixed air:
dry-bulb temp., specific humidity, enthalpy, relative humidity, dewpoint
= 30 temp., and specific volume.
= 19
= 26 Sol’n:
= 0.0105 kgv/kga 𝑚𝑜 𝑡 𝑑𝑏 + 𝑚𝑟 𝑡 𝑑𝑏
𝑡 𝑑𝑏 = 𝑜 𝑟

= 1/3
𝑚𝑖𝑥
𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑥

𝑚𝑜 𝑆𝐻 𝑜 + 𝑚𝑟 𝑆𝐻 𝑟
Req’d:
𝑆𝐻 𝑜=? 𝑆𝐻 𝑚𝑖𝑥 =
=? 𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑥
=? 𝑚𝑜 h𝑜 + 𝑚𝑟 h𝑟
h 𝑜∧h 𝑟 =? h 𝑚𝑖𝑥 =
=? 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑥
=?
=?
=?
Example #1 Outdoor air at 30°C dry-bulb and 19°C dewpoint temperature
is to be mixed with room air at 26°C dry-bulb temperature and specific
humidity of 0.0105 kgv/kga . The mass of outdoor air is one-third of the
Given: mass of the mixture. Find the following properties of the mixed air:
dry-bulb temp., specific humidity, enthalpy, relative humidity, dewpoint
= 30 temp., and specific volume.
= 19
= 26 Sol’n:
= 0.0105 kgv/kga
𝑚𝑜 𝑡 𝑑𝑏 + 𝑚𝑟 𝑡 𝑑𝑏 1 2
𝑚𝑜 = 𝑚 𝑚𝑟 = 𝑚
= 1/3 𝑡 𝑑𝑏 = 𝑜 𝑟
3 𝑚𝑖𝑥 3 𝑚𝑖𝑥
𝑚𝑖𝑥
𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑥

( ) ( )
Req’d: 1 2
=? 𝑚 ( 30 ℃ ) + 𝑚 ( 26 ℃ )
3 𝑚𝑖𝑥 3 𝑚𝑖𝑥
=? 𝑡 𝑑𝑏 =
𝑚𝑖𝑥
𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑥
=?
=? 𝒕 𝒅𝒃 =𝟐𝟕 . 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑℃
𝒎𝒊𝒙
=?
=?
Example #1 Outdoor air at 30°C dry-bulb and 19°C dewpoint temperature
is to be mixed with room air at 26°C dry-bulb temperature and specific
humidity of 0.0105 kgv/kga . The mass of outdoor air is one-third of the
Given: mass of the mixture. Find the following properties of the mixed air:
dry-bulb temp., specific humidity, enthalpy, relative humidity, dewpoint
= 30 temp., and specific volume.
= 19
= 26 Sol’n:
= 0.0105 kgv/kga 0.622 𝑃 𝑣
𝑆𝐻 𝑜= 𝑜
= ¿ 2 .1975 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 1/3 𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑣 𝑜

Req’d: 0.622 ( 2.1975 )

= 27.3333
𝑆𝐻 𝑜=
101.325 −2.1975
=?
=? 𝑘𝑔 𝑣
𝑆𝐻 𝑜=0.0137888
=? 𝑘𝑔 𝑎
=?
=?
Example #1 Outdoor air at 30°C dry-bulb and 19°C dewpoint temperature
is to be mixed with room air at 26°C dry-bulb temperature and specific
humidity of 0.0105 kgv/kga . The mass of outdoor air is one-third of the
Given: mass of the mixture. Find the following properties of the mixed air:
dry-bulb temp., specific humidity, enthalpy, relative humidity, dewpoint
= 30 temp., and specific volume.
= 19
= 26 Sol’n:
= 0.0105 kgv/kga 𝑚𝑜 𝑆𝐻 𝑜 + 𝑚𝑟 𝑆𝐻 𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑣
= 1/3 𝑆𝐻 𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 𝑆𝐻 𝑜=0.0137888
𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝑘𝑔 𝑎

( ) ( 𝑘𝑔 𝑣
) ( )( 𝑘𝑔𝑣
)
Req’d: 1 2
= 27.3333 0.0137888 + 0.01 05
3 𝑘𝑔 𝑎 3 𝑘𝑔𝑎
=? 𝑆𝐻 𝑚𝑖𝑥 =
1
=?
=?
𝒌𝒈 𝒗
𝑺𝑯 𝒎𝒊𝒙 =𝟎 .𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟔𝟑
=? 𝒌𝒈 𝒂
=?
Example #1 Outdoor air at 30°C dry-bulb and 19°C dewpoint temperature
is to be mixed with room air at 26°C dry-bulb temperature and specific
humidity of 0.0105 kgv/kga . The mass of outdoor air is one-third of the
Given: mass of the mixture. Find the following properties of the mixed air:
dry-bulb temp., specific humidity, enthalpy, relative humidity, dewpoint
= 30 temp., and specific volume.
= 19
= 26 Sol’n:
= 0.0105 kgv/kga
h 𝑜=𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑑𝑏 ) + 𝑆𝐻 𝑜 ( h 𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑎 𝑜 𝑜
) h 𝑔 =h𝑔 @30 ℃¿ 2 556.3
𝑜
𝑘𝑔
= 1/3 𝑘𝑔 𝑣
𝑆𝐻 𝑜=0.0137888
𝑘𝑔 𝑎
Req’d:
= 27.3333
= 0.0115963 kg/kg
=?
(
h 𝑜= 1.0062
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 . ℃ ) (
( 30 ℃ ) + 0.0137888
𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑘𝑔𝑎 )( 2556.3
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 )
=? 𝑘𝐽
=? h 𝑜=65.4343
𝑘𝑔
=?
Example #1 Outdoor air at 30°C dry-bulb and 19°C dewpoint temperature
is to be mixed with room air at 26°C dry-bulb temperature and specific
humidity of 0.0105 kgv/kga . The mass of outdoor air is one-third of the
Given: mass of the mixture. Find the following properties of the mixed air:
dry-bulb temp., specific humidity, enthalpy, relative humidity, dewpoint
= 30 temp., and specific volume.
= 19
= 26 Sol’n:
= 0.0105 kgv/kga
h 𝑟 =𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑑𝑏 ) + 𝑆𝐻 𝑟 ( h𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑎 𝑟 𝑟
) h 𝑔 =h𝑔 @ 26 ℃¿ 2 549
𝑟
𝑘𝑔
= 1/3

Req’d:
= 27.3333
(
h 𝑟 = 1.0062
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 .℃ )
( 26 ℃ )+ 0.01 05
𝑘𝑔 𝑣
𝑘𝑔 𝑎( )( 25 49
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 )
= 0.0115963 kg/kg
𝑘𝐽
=? h 𝑟 =52.9257
=?
𝑘𝑔
=?
=?
Example #1 Outdoor air at 30°C dry-bulb and 19°C dewpoint temperature
is to be mixed with room air at 26°C dry-bulb temperature and specific
humidity of 0.0105 kgv/kga . The mass of outdoor air is one-third of the
Given: mass of the mixture. Find the following properties of the mixed air:
dry-bulb temp., specific humidity, enthalpy, relative humidity, dewpoint
= 30 temp., and specific volume.
= 19
= 26 Sol’n:
𝑘𝐽
= 0.0105 kgv/kga 𝑚𝑜 h𝑜 + 𝑚𝑟 h𝑟 h 𝑟 =52.9257
h 𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 𝑘𝑔
= 1/3 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝑘𝐽
h 𝑜=65.4343
Req’d: 𝑘𝑔
( )( ) ( )( )
= 27.3333 1 𝑘𝐽 2 𝑘𝐽
65.4343 + 52.9257
= 0.0115963 kg/kg 3 𝑘𝑔 3 𝑘𝑔
h 𝑚𝑖𝑥 =
=? 1
=?
𝒌𝑱
=? 𝒉𝒎𝒊𝒙 =𝟓𝟕 . 𝟎𝟗𝟓𝟐
=? 𝒌𝒈
Example #1 Outdoor air at 30°C dry-bulb and 19°C dewpoint temperature
is to be mixed with room air at 26°C dry-bulb temperature and specific
humidity of 0.0105 kgv/kga . The mass of outdoor air is one-third of the
Given: mass of the mixture. Find the following properties of the mixed air:
dry-bulb temp., specific humidity, enthalpy, relative humidity, dewpoint
= 30 temp., and specific volume.
= 19
= 26 Sol’n:
= 0.0105 kgv/kga 𝑃𝑣
𝑅𝐻 𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑥

= 1/3 𝑃 𝑑𝑏 𝑚𝑖𝑥

Req’d:
𝑃 𝑑𝑏 =𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 @ 27.3333 ℃
= 27.3333 𝑚𝑖𝑥

= 0.0115963 kg/kg
= 57.0952 kJ/kg
𝑃 𝑑𝑏 =3 .6387 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚𝑖𝑥

=?
=?
=?
Example #1 Outdoor air at 30°C dry-bulb and 19°C dewpoint temperature
is to be mixed with room air at 26°C dry-bulb temperature and specific
humidity of 0.0105 kgv/kga . The mass of outdoor air is one-third of the
Given: mass of the mixture. Find the following properties of the mixed air:
dry-bulb temp., specific humidity, enthalpy, relative humidity, dewpoint
= 30 temp., and specific volume.
= 19
= 26 Sol’n:
= 0.0105 kgv/kga 𝑃𝑣
𝑃 𝑣 = 𝑃 𝑠𝑎𝑡 @𝑡 𝑑𝑝
?
𝑅𝐻 𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑥

= 1/3 𝑃 𝑑𝑏 𝑚𝑖𝑥
𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑥

Req’d:
𝑃𝑇
= 27.3333 0.622 𝑃 𝑣 𝑃𝑣 =
𝑆𝐻 𝑚𝑖𝑥 =
( )
𝑚𝑖𝑥

= 0.0115963 kg/kg
𝑚𝑖𝑥
0.622
𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑣 +1
𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝑆𝐻 𝑚𝑖𝑥
= 57.0952 kJ/kg
=?
=?
=?
Example #1 Outdoor air at 30°C dry-bulb and 19°C dewpoint temperature
is to be mixed with room air at 26°C dry-bulb temperature and specific
humidity of 0.0105 kgv/kga . The mass of outdoor air is one-third of the
Given: mass of the mixture. Find the following properties of the mixed air:
dry-bulb temp., specific humidity, enthalpy, relative humidity, dewpoint
= 30 temp., and specific volume.
= 19
= 26 Sol’n:
= 0.0105 kgv/kga 𝑃𝑣
𝑅𝐻 𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑥

= 1/3 𝑃 𝑑𝑏 𝑚𝑖𝑥

Req’d: 𝑃𝑇 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎

= 27.3333 𝑃𝑣 = ¿
(0.622
)( 0.622
)
𝑚𝑖𝑥

= 0.0115963 kg/kg +1 +1
𝑆𝐻 𝑚𝑖𝑥 0.0115963
= 57.0952 kJ/kg
=? 𝑃 𝑣 =1.8545 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚𝑖𝑥

=?
=?
Example #1 Outdoor air at 30°C dry-bulb and 19°C dewpoint temperature
is to be mixed with room air at 26°C dry-bulb temperature and specific
humidity of 0.0105 kgv/kga . The mass of outdoor air is one-third of the
Given: mass of the mixture. Find the following properties of the mixed air:
dry-bulb temp., specific humidity, enthalpy, relative humidity, dewpoint
= 30 temp., and specific volume.
= 19
= 26 Sol’n:
= 0.0105 kgv/kga 𝑃𝑣 𝑃 𝑑𝑏 =3 .6387 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑅𝐻 𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑥

= 1/3 𝑃 𝑑𝑏 𝑚𝑖𝑥
𝑃 𝑣 =1.8545 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚𝑖𝑥

Req’d: 1.8545 𝑘𝑃𝑎

= 27.3333 𝑅𝐻 𝑚𝑖𝑥 = ×100
3 .6387 𝑘𝑃𝑎 %
= 0.0115963 kg/kg
= 57.0952 kJ/kg
𝑹𝑯 𝒎𝒊𝒙 =𝟓𝟎 . 𝟗𝟔𝟔%
=?
=?
=?
Example #1 Outdoor air at 30°C dry-bulb and 19°C dewpoint temperature
is to be mixed with room air at 26°C dry-bulb temperature and specific
humidity of 0.0105 kgv/kga . The mass of outdoor air is one-third of the
Given: mass of the mixture. Find the following properties of the mixed air:
dry-bulb temp., specific humidity, enthalpy, relative humidity, dewpoint
= 30 temp., and specific volume.
= 19
= 26 Sol’n:
= 0.0105 kgv/kga
𝑡 𝑑𝑝 =𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡 @ 𝑃 𝑣 𝑃 𝑣 =1.8545 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 1/3 𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑥

Req’d:
𝑡 𝑑𝑝 =𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡 @ 1.8545 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚𝑖𝑥

= 27.3333
= 0.0115963 kg/kg
𝒕 𝒅𝒑 =𝟏𝟔 .𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟔 ℃
𝒎𝒊𝒙

= 57.0952 kJ/kg
= 50.966%
=?
=?
Example #1 Outdoor air at 30°C dry-bulb and 19°C dewpoint temperature
is to be mixed with room air at 26°C dry-bulb temperature and specific
humidity of 0.0105 kgv/kga . The mass of outdoor air is one-third of the
Given: mass of the mixture. Find the following properties of the mixed air:
dry-bulb temp., specific humidity, enthalpy, relative humidity, dewpoint
= 30 temp., and specific volume.
= 19
= 26 Sol’n:
= 0.0105 kgv/kga
𝑅𝑎 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝑃 𝑣 =1.8545 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 1/3 𝑣 𝑚 𝑖𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑥

𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑥
𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑥=27.3333 ℃ +273
Req’d: 𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑥=300.3333 𝐾
= 27.3333
= 0.0115963 kg/kg
𝑣 𝑚 𝑖𝑥 =
(
0.28708
𝑘𝑁 −𝑚
𝑘𝑔− 𝐾 )
( 300.3333 𝐾 )

= 57.0952 kJ/kg 𝑘𝑁
( 101.325 −1.8545 ) 2
= 50.966% 𝑚
𝟑
= 16.3046 𝒎
=? 𝒗 𝒎𝒊𝒙 =𝟎 .𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟕𝟖𝟔
𝒌𝒈
Sample Problem for
Air Quantities
Example #1 A room being air-conditioned is being held at 25°C (Psat =
3.169 kPa) dry bulb and 50% relative humidity. A flow rate of 5 m3/s of
supply air at 15°C (Psat = 1.7051 kPa) dry bulb and 80% RH is being
Given: delivered to the room to maintain that steady condition at 100 kPa.
= 25 Determine the total heat added in the air, the sensible heat, the latent
= 3.169 kPa heat, and the sensible heat ratio.
= 50%
Sol’n:
= 5 m /s
3
´
𝑃 𝑎 =𝑃 𝑇 − 𝑃 𝑣
𝑃𝑎 𝑉 1 1
= 15 ´ 𝑎=
𝑚 1𝑎 1
𝑃 𝑣 = ( 0.8 ) ( 1.7051𝑘𝑃𝑎¿) 1 .3641 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 1.7051 kPa 𝑅𝑎𝑇 𝑎 1

𝑃 𝑎 =( 100 − 1.3641 ) 𝑘𝑃𝑎

1

= 80% 1

= 100 kPa 𝑃 𝑎 =98.6359 𝑘𝑃𝑎

1

)( )
Req’d:
=?
=? ´ 𝑎=
𝑚
98.6359 (
𝑘𝑁
𝑚
2
5
𝑚3
𝑠
¿ 5.964988
𝑘𝑔
=?
SHR = ?
(
0.28708
𝑘𝑁 −𝑚
𝑘𝑔− 𝐾 )
( 15+ 273 ) 𝐾 𝑠
Example #1 A room being air-conditioned is being held at 25°C (Psat =
3.169 kPa) dry bulb and 50% relative humidity. A flow rate of 5 m3/s of
supply air at 15°C (Psat = 1.7051 kPa) dry bulb and 80% RH is being
Given: delivered to the room to maintain that steady condition at 100 kPa.
= 25 Determine the total heat added in the air, the sensible heat, the latent
= 3.169 kPa heat, and the sensible heat ratio.
= 50%
Sol’n:
= 5 m /s
3

= 15
´ 𝑎 ( h2 −h 1)
𝑄 𝑇 =𝑚
= 1.7051 kPa
= 80%
h 1=𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑑𝑏 ) + 𝑆𝐻 1 ( h𝑔 )
𝑎 1 1

= 100 kPa
h 2=𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑑𝑏 ) + 𝑆𝐻 2 ( h 𝑔 )
𝑎 2 2
Req’d:
=?
=?
=?
SHR = ?
Example #1 A room being air-conditioned is being held at 25°C (Psat =
3.169 kPa) dry bulb and 50% relative humidity. A flow rate of 5 m3/s of
supply air at 15°C (Psat = 1.7051 kPa) dry bulb and 80% RH is being
Given: delivered to the room to maintain that steady condition at 100 kPa.
= 25 Determine the total heat added in the air, the sensible heat, the latent
= 3.169 kPa heat, and the sensible heat ratio.
= 50%
Sol’n:
= 5 m /s
3

= 15
´ 𝑎 ( h2 −h 1)
𝑄 𝑇 =𝑚 𝑃 𝑣 =1 .3641 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1

= 1.7051 kPa
= 80% 0.622 𝑃 𝑣 0.622 ( 1.3641 )
𝑆𝐻 1= ¿ 1

= 100 kPa 𝑃 𝑇 − 𝑃 𝑣 100 −1.3641

1

Req’d:
=? 𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑆𝐻 1=0.008602
=? 𝑘𝑔𝑎
=?
SHR = ?
Example #1 A room being air-conditioned is being held at 25°C (Psat =
3.169 kPa) dry bulb and 50% relative humidity. A flow rate of 5 m3/s of
supply air at 15°C (Psat = 1.7051 kPa) dry bulb and 80% RH is being
Given: delivered to the room to maintain that steady condition at 100 kPa.
= 25 Determine the total heat added in the air, the sensible heat, the latent
= 3.169 kPa heat, and the sensible heat ratio.
= 50%
Sol’n:
= 5 m /s
3
𝑘𝑔𝑣
= 15
´ 𝑎 ( h2 −h 1)
𝑄 𝑇 =𝑚 𝑆𝐻 1=0.008602
𝑘𝑔𝑎
= 1.7051 kPa
h 1=𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑑𝑏 ) + 𝑆𝐻 1 ( h𝑔 ) h 𝑔 =h𝑔 @15 ℃¿ 2 528.9 𝑘𝐽
= 80% 𝑎 1 1
1
𝑘𝑔
= 100 kPa

Req’d:
=?
(
h 1= 1.0062
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 . ℃ ) (
( 15 ℃ ) + 0.008602
𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑘𝑔𝑎 )( 25 28.9
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 )
=? 𝑘𝐽
h 1=36.8466
=? 𝑘𝑔
SHR = ?
Example #1 A room being air-conditioned is being held at 25°C (Psat =
3.169 kPa) dry bulb and 50% relative humidity. A flow rate of 5 m3/s of
supply air at 15°C (Psat = 1.7051 kPa) dry bulb and 80% RH is being
Given: delivered to the room to maintain that steady condition at 100 kPa.
= 25 Determine the total heat added in the air, the sensible heat, the latent
= 3.169 kPa heat, and the sensible heat ratio.
= 50%
Sol’n:
= 5 m /s
3

= 15
´ 𝑎 ( h2 −h 1)
𝑄 𝑇 =𝑚 𝑃 𝑣 =0.5 ( 3.169 𝑘𝑃𝑎 )
2

= 1.7051 kPa 𝑃 𝑣 =1.5845 𝑘𝑃𝑎

2

= 80%
0.622 𝑃 𝑣 0.622 ( 1.5845 )
= 100 kPa 𝑆𝐻 2= ¿ 2

𝑃 𝑇 − 𝑃 𝑣 100− 1.5845
Req’d: 2

=?
𝑘𝑔𝑣
=? 𝑆𝐻 2=0.0100143
=? 𝑘𝑔 𝑎
SHR = ?
Example #1 A room being air-conditioned is being held at 25°C (Psat =
3.169 kPa) dry bulb and 50% relative humidity. A flow rate of 5 m3/s of
supply air at 15°C (Psat = 1.7051 kPa) dry bulb and 80% RH is being
Given: delivered to the room to maintain that steady condition at 100 kPa.
= 25 Determine the total heat added in the air, the sensible heat, the latent
= 3.169 kPa heat, and the sensible heat ratio.
= 50%
Sol’n:
= 5 m /s
3
𝑘𝑔𝑣
= 15
´ 𝑎 ( h2 −h 1)
𝑄 𝑇 =𝑚 𝑆𝐻 2=0.0100143
𝑘𝑔 𝑎
= 1.7051 kPa
h 2=𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑑𝑏 ) + 𝑆𝐻 2 ( h 𝑔 ) h 𝑔 =h𝑔 @ 25 ℃¿ 2 547.2 𝑘𝐽
= 80% 𝑎 2 2
2
𝑘𝑔
= 100 kPa

Req’d:
=?
(
h 2= 1.0062
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 . ℃ ) (
( 25 ℃ ) + 0.0100143
𝑘𝑔 𝑣
𝑘𝑔𝑎 )( 25 47.2
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 )
=? 𝑘𝐽
h 2=50.6634
=? 𝑘𝑔
SHR = ?
Example #1 A room being air-conditioned is being held at 25°C (Psat =
3.169 kPa) dry bulb and 50% relative humidity. A flow rate of 5 m3/s of
supply air at 15°C (Psat = 1.7051 kPa) dry bulb and 80% RH is being
Given: delivered to the room to maintain that steady condition at 100 kPa.
= 25 Determine the total heat added in the air, the sensible heat, the latent
= 3.169 kPa heat, and the sensible heat ratio.
= 50%
Sol’n:
= 5 m /s
3
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
= 15
´ 𝑎 ( h2 −h 1)
𝑄 𝑇 =𝑚 ´ 𝑎 =5.964988
𝑚 h 2=50.6634
𝑠 𝑘𝑔
= 1.7051 kPa 𝑘𝐽
= 80%
h 1=36.8466
𝑘𝑔
= 100 kPa

Req’d:
=?
(
𝑄 𝑇 = 5.964988
𝑘𝑔
𝑠 )
( 50.6634 −36.8466 )
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
=?
𝑸 𝑻 =𝟖𝟐. 𝟒𝟏𝟕𝟎𝒌𝑾
=?
SHR = ?
Example #1 A room being air-conditioned is being held at 25°C (Psat =
3.169 kPa) dry bulb and 50% relative humidity. A flow rate of 5 m3/s of
supply air at 15°C (Psat = 1.7051 kPa) dry bulb and 80% RH is being
Given: delivered to the room to maintain that steady condition at 100 kPa.
= 25 Determine the total heat added in the air, the sensible heat, the latent
= 3.169 kPa heat, and the sensible heat ratio.
= 50%
Sol’n:
= 5 m /s
3
𝑘𝑔
= 15
´ 𝑎 𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 2 −𝑡 1 )
𝑄 𝑆 =𝑚 ´
𝑚𝑎 =5.964988
𝑎
𝑠
= 1.7051 kPa
= 80%
= 100 kPa
(
𝑄 𝑆= 5.964988
𝑘𝑔
𝑠
1.0062 )(
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 . 𝐾
( 25 −15 ) ℃ )
Req’d: 𝑸 𝑺 =𝟔𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟕𝒌𝑾
= 82.4170 kW
=?
=?
SHR = ?
Example #1 A room being air-conditioned is being held at 25°C (Psat =
3.169 kPa) dry bulb and 50% relative humidity. A flow rate of 5 m3/s of
supply air at 15°C (Psat = 1.7051 kPa) dry bulb and 80% RH is being
Given: delivered to the room to maintain that steady condition at 100 kPa.
= 25 Determine the total heat added in the air, the sensible heat, the latent
= 3.169 kPa heat, and the sensible heat ratio.
= 50% ´ 𝑘𝑔
Sol’n: 𝑚𝑎 =5.964988
= 5 m /s
3 𝑠
= 15
= 1.7051 kPa
𝑄 𝐿 =𝑚 (
´ 𝑎 2502
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
( )
𝑆𝐻 2 −𝑆𝐻 1) 𝑆𝐻 2=0.0100143
𝑘𝑔𝑣
𝑘𝑔 𝑎
𝑘𝑔𝑣
= 80% 𝑆𝐻 1=0.008602
= 100 kPa
𝑘𝑔𝑎

Req’d:
= 82.4170 kW
(
𝑄 𝐿 = 5.964988
𝑘𝑔𝑎
𝑠 )( 2502
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔𝑣 )
( 0.0100143 − 0.008602 )
𝑘𝑔 𝑣
𝑘𝑔 𝑎
= 60.0197 kW
=? 𝑸 𝑳 =𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟕𝒌𝑾
SHR = ?
Example #1 A room being air-conditioned is being held at 25°C (Psat =
3.169 kPa) dry bulb and 50% relative humidity. A flow rate of 5 m3/s of
supply air at 15°C (Psat = 1.7051 kPa) dry bulb and 80% RH is being
Given: delivered to the room to maintain that steady condition at 100 kPa.
= 25 Determine the total heat added in the air, the sensible heat, the latent
= 3.169 kPa heat, and the sensible heat ratio.
= 50%
Sol’n:
= 5 m /s
3

= 15
𝑄 𝑇 =𝑄𝑆 +𝑄 𝐿
= 1.7051 kPa
𝑄 𝐿 =𝑄 𝑇 −𝑄 ¿𝑆 ( 82.4170 − 60.0197 ) 𝑘𝑊
= 80%
= 100 kPa
𝑸 𝑳 =𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟕𝟑𝒌𝑾
Req’d:
= 82.4170 kW
= 60.0197 kW
=?
SHR = ?
Example #1 A room being air-conditioned is being held at 25°C (Psat =
3.169 kPa) dry bulb and 50% relative humidity. A flow rate of 5 m3/s of
supply air at 15°C (Psat = 1.7051 kPa) dry bulb and 80% RH is being
Given: delivered to the room to maintain that steady condition at 100 kPa.
= 25 Determine the total heat added in the air, the sensible heat, the latent
= 3.169 kPa heat, and the sensible heat ratio.
= 50%
Sol’n:
= 5 m /s
3
𝑄 𝑆 60.0197 𝑘𝑊
= 15 𝑆 𝐻𝑅= ¿
= 1.7051 kPa 𝑄𝑇 82.4170 𝑘𝑊
= 80%
= 100 kPa 𝑺𝑯𝑹=𝟎.𝟕𝟐𝟖𝟐
Req’d:
= 82.4170 kW
= 60.0197 kW
= 22.3973 kW
SHR = ?
Sample Problems for
Cooling Tower
Example #1 Determine the approximate load on a cooling tower if the
entering and leaving temperatures are 96°F and 88°F, respectively and
the flow rate of the water over the tower is 30 gpm.

Given: Sol’n:
= 96 ´ 𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 3 − 𝑡4 )
𝑄=𝑚
= 88
= 30 gpm

( 𝑙𝑏𝑚
)( )( )
3
𝑔𝑎𝑙 1 𝑓𝑡 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄= 62.4 30 × 1 ( 96 − 88 ) ℉
𝑓𝑡
3
𝑚𝑖𝑛 7.481𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑏𝑚 . 𝑅
Req’d:
Q=? 𝑩𝑻𝑼
𝑸=𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟏 .𝟖𝟕𝟏𝟒
𝒎𝒊𝒏
Example #1 Determine the approximate load on a cooling tower if the
entering and leaving temperatures are 96°F and 88°F, respectively and
the flow rate of the water over the tower is 30 gpm.

Given: Sol’n:
= 96
= 88
´ ) ( 𝑡 3 − 𝑡4 )
𝑄=8.34 ( 𝑉 𝑄→ 𝐵𝑇𝑈 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 30 gpm 𝑉´ → 30 𝑔𝑝𝑚
𝑄=8.34 ( 30 ) ( 96 − 88 ) 𝑡 3 , 𝑡 4 →℉
𝑩𝑻𝑼
Req’d:
𝑸=𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟏 .𝟔
Q=? 𝒎𝒊𝒏
Example #2 The natural draft-cooling tower has a 400-ton heat rejection
load. The temperature of the water entering the cooling tower is 90°F
and leaving at 82°F. Compute the approach, range, and cooling tower
efficiency when the outdoor wet-bulb temperature is 75°F.

Given: Sol’n:
= 90
𝐴=𝑡 4 −𝑡 𝑤𝑏¿ ( 82 −75 ) ℉ 𝑅=𝑡 3 −𝑡 4¿ ( 90 − 82 ) ℉
= 82 1

= 75 𝑨=𝟕 ℉ 𝑹=𝟖 ℉
𝑅 𝑡 3 − 𝑡 4 ( 90 − 82 ) ℉
Req’d: 𝑒= ¿ ¿ ×100 %
𝑅+ 𝐴 𝑡 3 − 𝑡 𝑤𝑏 ( 90 −75 ) ℉
A=? 1

R=?
e=?
𝒆=𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟑%
Example #3 A cooling tower receives 6 kg/s of water of 60. Air enters the
tower at 32 dry-bulb and 27 wet-bulb (SH = 0.0206) and leaves at 50
and 90% RH (SH = 0.0766). The cooling efficiency is 60.6%. Determine
Given: the mass flow rate of air entering and the quantity of make-up water
required.
= 6 kg/s
= 60 Sol’n:
= 32
´ 3 −𝑚
𝑚 ´ 4= 𝑚
´ 𝑎 ( 𝑆𝐻 2 − 𝑆𝐻 1 )
= 27
= 0.0206 kg/kg ´ 3 =𝑚
𝑚 ´ 4 +𝑚
´ 𝑎 ( 𝑆𝐻 2 − 𝑆𝐻 1 )
= 50
= 90% ´ 4 +𝑚
6=𝑚 ´ 𝑎 ( 0 .0766 − 0.0206 )
= 0.0766 kg/kg
= 60.6% ´ 4 +0.056 𝑚
6=𝑚 ´𝑎 𝐸 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛1
Req’d:
=?
=?
Example #3 A cooling tower receives 6 kg/s of water of 60. Air enters the
tower at 32 dry-bulb and 27 wet-bulb (SH = 0.0206) and leaves at 50
and 90% RH (SH = 0.0766). The cooling efficiency is 60.6%. Determine
Given: the mass flow rate of air entering and the quantity of make-up water
required.
= 6 kg/s
= 60 Sol’n:
= 32
´ 3 h3−𝑚
𝑚 ´ 4 h 4= 𝑚
´ 𝑎 ( h2 −h1 )
= 27
= 0.0206 kg/kg
= 50
𝐴𝑖𝑟 :
𝑘𝐽
= 90% h 2=𝑐 𝑝 𝑡 2+ 𝑆𝐻 2 ( h 𝑔¿) 248.8649
2
𝑘𝑔
= 0.0766 kg/kg
= 60.6% h 1=𝑐 𝑝 𝑡 1 + 𝑆𝐻 1 ( h𝑔¿)84.9323 𝑘𝐽
Req’d:
1
𝑘𝑔
=?
=?
Example #3 A cooling tower receives 6 kg/s of water of 60. Air enters the
tower at 32 dry-bulb and 27 wet-bulb (SH = 0.0206) and leaves at 50
and 90% RH (SH = 0.0766). The cooling efficiency is 60.6%. Determine
Given: the mass flow rate of air entering and the quantity of make-up water
required.
= 6 kg/s
= 60 Sol’n:
= 32 𝑡 3−𝑡 4
´ 3 h3−𝑚
𝑚 ´ 4 h 4= 𝑚
´ 𝑎 ( h2 −h1 ) e=
= 27 𝑡 3 − 𝑡 𝑤𝑏 1

= 0.0206 kg/kg
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 : 𝑡 4=𝑡 3 −𝑒 ( 𝑡 3 −𝑡 𝑤𝑏 )
= 50
𝑘𝐽
1

= 90% h 3=h 𝑓 @ 60 ℃¿ 2 51.13 𝑡 4=60 −0.606 ( 60 −27 )

= 0.0766 kg/kg
𝑘𝑔 𝑡 4=4 0 ℃
= 60.6% 𝑘𝐽
h 4 =h 𝑓 @ 40 ℃¿ 1 67.57
Req’d: 𝑘𝑔
=?
=?
Example #3 A cooling tower receives 6 kg/s of water of 60. Air enters the
tower at 32 dry-bulb and 27 wet-bulb (SH = 0.0206) and leaves at 50
and 90% RH (SH = 0.0766). The cooling efficiency is 60.6%. Determine
Given: the mass flow rate of air entering and the quantity of make-up water
required.
= 6 kg/s
= 60 Sol’n:
= 32 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
´ 3 h3−𝑚
𝑚 ´ 4 h 4= 𝑚
´ 𝑎 ( h2 −h1 )h 3=2 51.13 h 2=248.8649
= 27 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
= 0.0206 kg/kg h 4 =167.57 h 1=84.9323
= 50 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
= 90% ´ 4 ( 167.57 )=𝑚
( 6 )( 251.13 ) − 𝑚 ´ 𝑎 ( 2 48.8649 − 84.9323 )
= 0.0766 kg/kg
´ 4 ( 167.57 ) =𝑚
1506.78 − 𝑚 ´ 𝑎 (1 63.9326 )
= 60.6%
Req’d:
´ 4 +163.9326 𝑚
1506.78=167.57 𝑚 ´𝑎 𝐸 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛2
=?
=?
Example #3 A cooling tower receives 6 kg/s of water of 60. Air enters the
tower at 32 dry-bulb and 27 wet-bulb (SH = 0.0206) and leaves at 50
and 90% RH (SH = 0.0766). The cooling efficiency is 60.6%. Determine
Given: the mass flow rate of air entering and the quantity of make-up water
required.
= 6 kg/s
= 60 Sol’n:
= 32 ´ 4 +0.056 𝑚 ´ 𝑎
= 27
6 =𝑚 𝐸 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛1
= 0.0206 kg/kg
´ 4 +163.9326 𝑚
1506.78=167.57 𝑚 ´𝑎 𝐸 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛2
= 50
= 90%
´ 𝑘𝑔
𝑚4 =5.8183
= 0.0766 kg/kg 𝑠
= 60.6%
𝒌𝒈
Req’d:
´ 𝒂 =𝟑 . 𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟎
𝒎
=?
𝒔
=?
Example #3 A cooling tower receives 6 kg/s of water of 60. Air enters the
tower at 32 dry-bulb and 27 wet-bulb (SH = 0.0206) and leaves at 50
and 90% RH (SH = 0.0766). The cooling efficiency is 60.6%. Determine
Given: the mass flow rate of air entering and the quantity of make-up water
required.
= 6 kg/s
= 60 Sol’n:
= 32
´ 3 −𝑚
𝑚 ´ 4= 𝑚
´ 𝑎 ( 𝑆𝐻 2 − 𝑆𝐻 1 )
= 27
𝑘𝑔
= 0.0206 kg/kg ´ 5 =𝑚
𝑚 ´ 3 −𝑚
´ ¿4 ( 6 − 5.8183 )
= 50 𝑠
= 90% 𝒌𝒈
´ 𝟓=𝟎 . 𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟕
𝒎
= 0.0766 kg/kg 𝒔

( )
= 60.6% 𝑘𝑔𝑎 𝑘𝑔𝑣
´ 5 =𝑚
𝑚 ´ 𝑎 ( 𝑆𝐻 2 − 𝑆𝐻¿1 ) 3.2440 ( 0.0766 − 0.0206 )
Req’d: 𝑠 𝑘𝑔𝑎
= 3.2440 kg/s
𝒌𝒈
=? ´ 𝟓=𝟎 . 𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟕
𝒎
𝒔
Sample Problems for
Simple Vapor
Compression Cycle
Example #1 An ideal vapor compression cycle requires 2.5 kW to power
the compressor. You have found the following data for the cycle: the
enthalpy at the condenser entrance = 203 kJ/kg, exit = 55 kJ/kg;
evaporator entrance = 55 kJ/kg, exit = 178 kJ/kg. If the mass flow rate
Given: of the refrigerant is 0.10 kg/s, determine the QA, QR, and the COP.
= 2.5 kW Sol’n:
=
´ 𝑟𝑒𝑓 ( h2 −h1 )
𝑃 𝐶 =𝑚
=
= 𝑃𝐶 2.5 𝑘𝐽 / 𝑠
= 178
´
𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑓 = ¿
h2 − h1 ( 203 −178 ) 𝑘𝐽 / 𝑘𝑔
¿ 0.1 𝑘𝑔 /𝑠
= 0.1 kg/s

Req’d:
=?
´
𝑄 𝐴=𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑓 ( h1 − h ¿4 ) 0.1
(𝑘𝑔
𝑠 )
( 178 −55 )
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
=?
COP = ?
𝑸 𝑨 =𝟏𝟐 . 𝟑 𝒌𝑾
Example #1 An ideal vapor compression cycle requires 2.5 kW to power
the compressor. You have found the following data for the cycle: the
enthalpy at the condenser entrance = 203 kJ/kg, exit = 55 kJ/kg;
evaporator entrance = 55 kJ/kg, exit = 178 kJ/kg. If the mass flow rate
Given: of the refrigerant is 0.10 kg/s, determine the QA, QR, and the COP.
= 2.5 kW Sol’n:

( )
=
= ´ 𝑟𝑒𝑓 ( h 2 − h¿3 ) 0.1 𝑘𝑔 ( 203 −55 ) 𝑘𝐽
𝑄 𝑅 =𝑚
=
𝑠 𝑘𝑔
= 178 𝑸 𝑹 =𝟏𝟒 . 𝟖 𝒌𝑾
= 0.1 kg/s
𝑄 𝐴 12.3 𝑘𝑊
Req’d: 𝐶𝑂𝑃 = ¿
= 12.3 kW 𝑃 𝐶 2.5 𝑘𝑊
=?
COP = ? 𝑪𝑶𝑷=𝟒.𝟗𝟐
Example #2 A Freon 12 waste water system operating at 5°C suction
temperature and a 40°C condensing temperature has an evaporator
load of 5 tons. If the condenser is selected for a 7°C water temperature
rise, how many gpm must be circulated through the condenser? hg @
Given: 5°C = 353.6 kJ/kg, @ 40°C : hf = 238.5 kJ/kg, h = 377 kJ/kg.
= 5 TOR
Sol’n:
=

=
= ´ 𝑟𝑒𝑓 ( h 2 − h3 )
𝑄 𝑅 =𝑚
¿ ´ 𝑤 𝑐𝑝 ∆ 𝑇 𝑊
𝑄𝑊 =𝑚 𝑤

=3 ´ 𝑟𝑒𝑓 ( h 2 − h3 )
𝑚
´ 𝑤=
𝑚
𝑐𝑝 ∆ 𝑇 𝑊
𝑤

Req’d: 3.5167 𝑘𝐽 / 𝑠
𝑄𝐴 5 𝑇𝑂𝑅 ×
=? ´ 𝑟𝑒𝑓 =
𝑚 1𝑇𝑂𝑅
¿
h1 − h4 ( 353.6 −238.5 ) 𝑘𝐽 / 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
´ 𝑟𝑒𝑓 =0.152767
𝑚
𝑠
Example #2 A Freon 12 waste water system operating at 5°C suction
temperature and a 40°C condensing temperature has an evaporator
load of 5 tons. If the condenser is selected for a 7°C water temperature
rise, how many gpm must be circulated through the condenser? hg @
Given: 5°C = 353.6 kJ/kg, @ 40°C : hf = 238.5 kJ/kg, h = 377 kJ/kg.
= 5 TOR
Sol’n:
=
= ´ 𝑤=
𝑚
´ 𝑟𝑒𝑓 ( h 2 − h3 )
𝑚
¿
( 0.152767
𝑘𝑔
𝑠 )
( 377 − 238.5 )
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
=
=3
𝑐𝑝 ∆ 𝑇 𝑊
𝑤
( 4.187
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾 )
(7 ℃ )
𝑘𝑔
´ 𝑤 =0.721902
𝑚
𝑠
𝑘𝑔
Req’d:
´
𝑚 0.721902 60 𝑠 1000 𝑙𝑖 1 𝑔𝑎𝑙
´ 𝑤 𝑠
=? 𝑉 𝑤= ¿ × × 3×
𝜌 𝑤 1000 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 𝑚 3.7854 𝑙𝑖
𝑚3
´ =𝟏𝟏 . 𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟒 𝒈𝒑𝒎
𝑽 𝒘
Example #3 A refrigeration system using R-22 has a capacity of 320 kW of
refrigeration. The evaporating temperature is -10°C and the
condensing temperature is 40°C . Calculate the fraction of vapor in the
mixture before the evaporator.
Given: Properties of R-22:
= 320 kW @ -10°C : hg = 401.60 kJ/kg, hf = 188.43 kJ/kg
= @ 40°C : hf = 249.69 kJ/kg
=
Sol’n:
Req’d: h4 − h 𝑓 h 4 − h 𝑓 ( 249.69 −188.43 )
𝑥= ¿ ¿
x=? h 𝑓𝑔 h𝑔 − h 𝑓 ( 401.60 − 188.43 )

𝒙=𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟕𝟒
Sample Problems for
Product Load
Example #1 How many tons of refrigeration are required to produce 10
metric tons of ice per day at -10°C from raw water at 22°C if
miscellaneous losses are 15% of the product load?

Given: Sol’n:
= 10 m.ton/day 𝑄 𝑇 =𝑄 𝑃 +𝑄 ¿𝐿 𝑄 𝑃 + 15 % 𝑄¿𝑃 1.15 𝑄 𝑃
=
= 𝑄 𝑃 =𝑄1 +𝑄 2 +𝑄3
=
´ 𝑖 𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑖 −𝑡 𝐹 )
𝑄1 =𝑚 𝑎

Req’d:
=?
¿
(
( 10,000 𝑘𝑔 ) 4.187
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾 )
( 22− 0 ) 𝐾

24 h𝑟 3600 𝑠
1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 × ×
1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 h𝑟
𝑄1 =10.6613 𝑘𝑊
Example #1 How many tons of refrigeration are required to produce 10
metric tons of ice per day at -10°C from raw water at 22°C if
miscellaneous losses are 15% of the product load?

Given: Sol’n:
= 10 m.ton/day 𝑄 𝑇 =𝑄 𝑃 +𝑄 ¿𝐿 𝑄 𝑃 + 15 % 𝑄¿𝑃 1.15 𝑄 𝑃
=
= 𝑄 𝑃 =𝑄1 +𝑄 2 +𝑄3
=
´ 𝑖 𝐿𝑓
𝑄 2=𝑚
Req’d:
=? ¿
(𝑘𝐽
( 10,000 𝑘𝑔 ) 335
𝑘𝑔 )
24 h𝑟 3600 𝑠
1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 × ×
1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 h𝑟

𝑄 2=38.7731 𝑘𝑊
Example #1 How many tons of refrigeration are required to produce 10
metric tons of ice per day at -10°C from raw water at 22°C if
miscellaneous losses are 15% of the product load?

Given: Sol’n:
= 10 m.ton/day 𝑄 𝑇 =𝑄 𝑃 +𝑄 ¿𝐿 𝑄 𝑃 + 15 % 𝑄¿𝑃 1.15 𝑄 𝑃
=
= 𝑄 𝑃 =𝑄1 +𝑄 2 +𝑄3
=
´ 𝑖 𝑐𝑝 (𝑡 𝐹 − 𝑡 𝑓 )
𝑄 3= 𝑚 𝑏

Req’d:
=?
¿
(
( 10,000 𝑘𝑔 ) 2.093
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾 )
( 0 +10 ) 𝐾

24 h𝑟 3600 𝑠
1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 × ×
1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 h𝑟
𝑄 3=2.4225 𝑘𝑊
Example #1 How many tons of refrigeration are required to produce 10
metric tons of ice per day at -10°C from raw water at 22°C if
miscellaneous losses are 15% of the product load?

Given: Sol’n:
= 10 m.ton/day 𝑄 𝑇 =𝑄 𝑃 +𝑄 ¿𝐿 𝑄 𝑃 + 15 % 𝑄¿𝑃 1.15 𝑄 𝑃
=
= 𝑄 𝑃 =𝑄1 +𝑄 2 +𝑄3 𝑄1 =10.6613 𝑘𝑊
= 𝑄 2=38.7731 𝑘𝑊
𝑄 3=2.4225 𝑘𝑊
Req’d:
=? 𝑄 𝑃 =( 10.6613+38.7731+ 2.4225 ) 𝑘𝑊
𝑄 𝑃 =51.8569 𝑘𝑊
Example #1 How many tons of refrigeration are required to produce 10
metric tons of ice per day at -10°C from raw water at 22°C if
miscellaneous losses are 15% of the product load?

Given: Sol’n:
= 10 m.ton/day 𝑄 𝑇 =1.15 𝑄 𝑃 𝑄 𝑃 =51.8569 𝑘𝑊
=
= 𝑄 𝑇 =1.15 ( 51.8569 𝑘𝑊 )
=
1 𝑇𝑂𝑅
𝑄 𝑇 =59.6354 𝑘𝑊×
3.5167 𝑘𝑊
Req’d:
=? 𝑸 𝑻 =𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟓𝟕𝟖𝑻𝑶𝑹
Example #2 Compute the heat to be removed from 110 kg of lean beef if it
were to be cooled from 20°C to 4°C. After which it is frozen and cooled
to -18°C. Specific heat of lean beef above freezing is given as 3.23 kJ/kg-
°C and below freezing is 1.68 kJ/kg-°C, the freezing point is -2.2°C, and
Given: latent heat of fusion is 233 kJ/kg.
= 110 kg
Sol’n:
=
= -18 𝑄 𝑃 =𝑄1 +𝑄 2 +𝑄3
= 3.23 kJ/kg.K
= 1.68 kJ/kg.K 𝑄1 =𝑚 𝐿𝐵 𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝑖 −𝑡 𝐹 )
𝑎

= -2.2
= 233 kJ/kg
(
¿ ( 110 𝑘𝑔 ) 3.23
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 −℃ )
( 20+2.2 ) ℃

Req’d: 𝑄1 =7887.66 𝑘𝐽
=?
Example #2 Compute the heat to be removed from 110 kg of lean beef if it
were to be cooled from 20°C to 4°C. After which it is frozen and cooled
to -18°C. Specific heat of lean beef above freezing is given as 3.23 kJ/kg-
°C and below freezing is 1.68 kJ/kg-°C, the freezing point is -2.2°C, and
Given: latent heat of fusion is 233 kJ/kg.
= 110 kg
Sol’n:
=
= -18 𝑄 𝑃 =𝑄1 +𝑄 2 +𝑄3
= 3.23 kJ/kg.K
= 1.68 kJ/kg.K 𝑄 2=𝑚 𝐿𝐵 𝐿𝐹
= -2.2
= 233 kJ/kg
(
¿ ( 110 𝑘𝑔 ) 233
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 )
Req’d: 𝑄 2=25630 𝑘𝐽
=?
Example #2 Compute the heat to be removed from 110 kg of lean beef if it
were to be cooled from 20°C to 4°C. After which it is frozen and cooled
to -18°C. Specific heat of lean beef above freezing is given as 3.23 kJ/kg-
°C and below freezing is 1.68 kJ/kg-°C, the freezing point is -2.2°C, and
Given: latent heat of fusion is 233 kJ/kg.
= 110 kg
Sol’n:
=
= -18 𝑄 𝑃 =𝑄1 +𝑄 2 +𝑄3
= 3.23 kJ/kg.K
= 1.68 kJ/kg.K 𝑄 3=𝑚 𝐿𝐵 𝑐 𝑝 ( 𝑡 𝐹 − 𝑡 𝑓 )
𝑏

= -2.2
= 233 kJ/kg
(
¿ ( 110 𝑘𝑔 ) 1.68
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 −℃ )
( − 2.2+18 ) ℃

Req’d: 𝑄 3=2919.84 𝑘𝐽
=?
Example #2 Compute the heat to be removed from 110 kg of lean beef if it
were to be cooled from 20°C to 4°C. After which it is frozen and cooled
to -18°C. Specific heat of lean beef above freezing is given as 3.23 kJ/kg-
°C and below freezing is 1.68 kJ/kg-°C, the freezing point is -2.2°C, and
Given: latent heat of fusion is 233 kJ/kg.
= 110 kg
Sol’n:
=
= -18 𝑄 𝑃 =𝑄1 +𝑄 2 +𝑄3 𝑄1 =7887.66 𝑘𝐽
= 3.23 kJ/kg.K
𝑄 2=25630 𝑘𝐽
= 1.68 kJ/kg.K
= -2.2
𝑄 3=2919.84 𝑘𝐽
= 233 kJ/kg
𝑄 𝑃 =( 7887.66+ 25630+2919.84 ) 𝑘𝐽
Req’d:
𝑸 𝑷 =𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟕 .𝟓 𝒌𝑱
=?