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Lesson 16 Respondents of The Study Sampling Procedure

The document discusses different types of sampling techniques used in research studies including probability sampling techniques like random sampling and stratified sampling as well as non-probability sampling techniques. It also covers topics like sample size calculation and choosing between total population sampling versus sampling a subset of the population.

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Ivyjane Sudaria
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

Lesson 16 Respondents of The Study Sampling Procedure

The document discusses different types of sampling techniques used in research studies including probability sampling techniques like random sampling and stratified sampling as well as non-probability sampling techniques. It also covers topics like sample size calculation and choosing between total population sampling versus sampling a subset of the population.

Uploaded by

Ivyjane Sudaria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Respondents of the

Study & Sampling


Procedure
LESSON 15
Recap

Research Design – What type/design


of research is the most appropriate to
use?
Locale of the Study – Where will the
study be conducted? Show a map of
the area.
Respondents of the Study

The ones who will provide


responses/information to the
researchers.
They answer questionnaires made by
researchers.
Subjects of the Study

The people used in the experiment,


usually in quantitative research.
Subjects is usually used more in
science.
Participants of the Study

They participate and answer


questions in qualitative studies
(eg interviews and focus group
interviews.
Sampling

In quantitative studies we aim to measure


variables and generalize findings obtained
from a representative sample from the total
population.
We typically study a sample of that
population rather than attempt to study the
whole population.
Sample Size

Sample size measures the number of individual samples


measured or observations used in a survey or experiment.
For example, if you test 100 samples of soil for evidence of
acid rain, your sample size is 100. If an online survey
returned 30,500 completed questionnaires, your sample size
is 30,500. In statistics, sample size is generally represented
by the variable "n".
Calculation of Sample Size

 Following elements shall be considered:


 Total Size of the Population
 Margin of error – reliability that the data will be
collected is reliable
 Confidence Level – the probability that the margin of
error is accurate
 Standard Deviation – measures how individual data
vary from average data
Population Proportion – Sample Size

n = N*X / (X + N – 1),
where,
X = Zα/22 ­*p*(1-p) / MOE2,
and Zα/2 is the critical value of the Normal distribution at α/2
(e.g. for a confidence level of 95%, α is 0.05 and the critical
value is 1.96), MOE is the margin of error, p is the sample
proportion, and N is the population size.
There are two groups of sampling
technique: probability sampling
techniques and non-probability
sampling techniques.
Probability Sampling
 Probability sampling techniques use random selection to
help you select units from your sampling frame to be
included in your sample. These procedures are very clearly
defined, making it easy to follow them.
 In probability Samples, each member of the population
has a known non-zero probability of being selected.
 In probability sampling, every individual in the population
have equal chance of being selected as a subject for the
research.
Types of Probability Sampling
 Random sampling – every member has an equal chance
 Stratified
sampling – population divided into subgroups (strata) and
members are randomly selected from each group
 Systematic sampling – uses a specific system to select members such as
every 10th person on an alphabetized list
 Cluster random sampling – divides the population into clusters, clusters
are randomly selected and all members of the cluster selected are sampled
 Multi-stage random sampling – a combination of one or more of the above
methods
Non-probability Sampling

Non-probability Sampling – Does not rely


on the use of randomization techniques to
select members. This is typically done in
studies where randomization is not possible
in order to obtain a representative sample.
Bias is more of a concern with this type of
sampling.
Non-probability Sampling
 Convenience or accidental sampling – members or units
are selected based on availability
 Purposive sampling – members of a particular group are
purposefully sought after
 Modal instance sampling – members or units are the most
common within a defined group and therefore are sought
after
 Expert sampling – members considered to be of high
quality are chosen for participation
Non-probability Sampling
 Proportional and non-proportional quota sampling – members are
sampled until exact proportions of certain types of data are obtained
or until sufficient data in different categories is collected
 Diversity sampling – members are selected intentionally across the
possible types of responses to capture all possibilities
 Snowball sampling – members are sampled and then asked to help
identify other members to sample and this process continues until
enough samples are collected
Total Population Sampling

Totalpopulation sampling is a type of


purposive sampling technique where you
choose to examine the entire
population (i.e., the total population) that
have a particular set of characteristics.
Total Population Sampling
There are two aspects of this example that illustrate when total population sampling may be appropriate:
1. The population size is relatively small
 In total population sampling, researchers choose to study the entire population because the size of
the population that has the particular set of characteristics that we are interest in is typically very
small. Therefore, if you failed to include a small number of units (e.g., people) in your research, a
significant piece of the puzzle that you are trying to understand may be missing.
2. The population shares an uncommon characteristic(s)
 The characteristic shared by the population is considered to be uncommon because this tends to
explain why the population that can be studied is very small. In this example above, the population
consisted of people with a rare disease, but there are many types of uncommon characteristic.

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