Report - Infonet - Billy

Local Area Networks
A local area network (LAN) is a data communication system

that allows a number of independent devices to communicate
directly with each other in a limited geographic area such as
a single department, a single building, or a campus. A large
organization may need several connected LANs. The most
popular LANs are Ethernet and wireless LANs.
1
Ethernet layers
Response for Flow

and error control
Responsible for the

operation of
the CSMA/CD
access method
Ethernet layer is above physical layer including logical link control and
Media access control sub-layers
2
Switched WANs
The backbone networks in the Internet are usually switched
WANs. A switched WAN is a wide area network that covers a
large area (a state or a country) and provides access at
several points to the users. Inside the network, there is a
mesh of point-to-point networks that connects switches. The
switches, multiple port connectors, allow the connection of
several inputs and outputs.
X.25
Frame relay
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
3
Connecting Devices
LANs or WANs do not normally operate in isolation. They are connected
to one another or to the Internet. To connect LANs or WANs, we use
connecting devices. Connecting devices can operate in different layers of
the Internet model. We discuss three kinds of connecting devices:
repeaters (or hubs), bridges (or two-layer switches), and routers (or
three-layer switches). Repeaters and hubs operate in the first layer of the
Internet model. Bridges and two-layer switches operate in the first two
layers. Routers and three-layer switches operate in the first three layers
4
Gateways
 The term “Gateway” is used with different meanings in different contexts
 “Gateway” is a generic term for routers (Level 3)
 “Gateway” is also used for a device that interconnects different Layer 3 networks and which performs translation of protocols
(“Multi-protocol router”)
X.25 SNA
IP Network
Host
Network Network Host
Gateway Gateway
5
Interconnection
Many times it is necessary to connect a local area network to

another local area network or to a wide area network.
Local area network to local area network connections are often
performed with a bridge-like device.
Local area network to wide area network connections are usually
performed with a router.
A third device, the switch, can be used to interconnect segments
of a local area network.
6
Why Interconnect?
To separate / connect one corporate division with another.

To connect two LANs with different protocols.
To connect a LAN to the Internet.
To break a LAN into segments to relieve traffic congestion.
To provide a security wall between two different types of users.
7
Virtual LAN (VLAN)
Virtual LANs
A virtual LAN, or VLAN, is a logical subgroup within a local
area network that is created via switches and software rather than
by manually moving wiring from one network device to another
Even though the employees and their actual computer
workstations may be scattered throughout the building, LAN
switches and VLAN software can be used to create a “network
within a network.”
8
VLAN
A relatively new standard, IEEE 802.1Q, was designed

to allow multiple devices to intercommunicate and
work together to create a virtual LAN
Instead of sending a technician to a wiring closet to
move a workstation cable from one switch to another,
an 802.1Q-compliant switch can be remotely configured
by a network administrator
9
Metro Ethernet
A Metro Ethernet is a computer network based on the Ethernet

standard and which covers a metropolitan area. It is commonly
used as a metropolitan access network to connect subscribers
and businesses to a Wide Area Network, such as the Internet.
Large businesses can also use Metro Ethernet to connect
branch offices to their Intranets.
Advantages of Metro Ethernet:

Cost-effective equipment
Easy network management
Fast speed
10
LAN Architecture Model
 Network architecture includes
Access methodology
Logical topology
Physical topology
 Network configuration includes
Network architecture
Media choice
Access Methods
 Contention: carrier sense multiple access
with collision detection (CSMA/CD)
Inexpensive NIC
For: office application
Not for: manufacturing due to inconsistent
response time
 Token passing: 24 bits of token (free or
busy)
More efficient at higher network utilization
rate
More expensive NIC
Supported by IBM
Topology
 Logical
Sequential
Broadcast
 Physical
Bus: line broken
Ring: PC or NIC broken
Star (hub, concentrator, MAU (multistation
access unit, repeater, switching hub):
single point of failure
Ethernet
 Functionality
 Access method: CSMA/CD
 Logical topology: broadcast
 Physical topology: bus or star
 Ethernet II
 Header (preamble) for synchronizing
 Destination & source address (MAC layer address)
 Type field for network protocol
 Data field
 Frame check sequence (FCS): CRC-32
 IEEE 802.3 replace type field with length field
Token Ring
 Functionality
 Access method: token passing
 Logical topology: sequence
 Physical topology: ring or star
 IEEE 802.5
 Starting delimiter alert NIC about token approaching
 Access control field (1 for busy, 0 for free)
 Frame control field indicate regular data or network
management frame
 Destination & source address (MAC layer address)
 Routing information field for multiple token ring LANs
 Data field
 Frame check sequence (FCS): CRC-32
 Ending delimiter (ending or intermediate frame)
 Frame status field for successful delivery
Wireless
 Transmitter and receiver
 100 - 300 feet
 Infrared technology (line-of-sight)
 Spread spectrum technology (no ling-of-
sight)
 Special application

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Local Area Networks

A local area network (LAN) is a data communication system

Response for Flow

Responsible for the

Many times it is necessary to connect a local area network to

To separate / connect one corporate division with another.

A relatively new standard, IEEE 802.1Q, was designed

A Metro Ethernet is a computer network based on the Ethernet

Advantages of Metro Ethernet:

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