UNIT 2

Types of Networks
1. Personal Area Network (PAN)
 is a computer network used for data transmission amongst devices
such as computers, telephones, tablets and personal digital
assistants.
 Also Known as HAN (Home Area
Network)
2. Local Area Network (LAN)
 Is fast data transfer with data speed that can reach
up to 10Gbps.
3. Campus Area Network (CAN)
 They can be spread acrossseveral buildings that are fairly
close to each other so users canshare resources.
4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 A MAN is larger than a LAN but smaller than or equal in size to a WAN.
 The size range anywhere from 5 to 50km in diameter.
5. Wide Area Network (WAN)
 The world’s largest Wide Area Network in the Internet.
 Data travels through telephone or cable lines
6. Storage-Area Network (SAN)
 Its special purpose is to allow users on a larger network to connect various
data storage devices with clusters of data servers.
7. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
 Is a private network that canaccess public networks remotely.
 Authentication is provided to validate the identities of the two peers.
 Confidentiality provides encryption of the data to keep it private from
prying eyes.
  Integrityis used to ensure that the data sent between the two devices or
sites has not been tampered with.
8. Client Server Network
Server is a central computer that is continuously available to respond torequests
from clients for file, print, application, and other services.
9. Peer to Peer Network (P2P)
 Usually very small networks.
 These types of networks do not perform well under heavy data loads.
Network Topologies
Network topology defines the structure of the network.
A. Physical topology:- It define the actual layout of the wire or media.
1. Bus
2. Ring
3. Star
4. Tree(Hierarchical)
5. Mesh
B. Logical topology:- It defines how the hosts access the media to send data.
1. Broadcast
2. Token passing
C. Hybrid Topology

1. Bus Topology
 All devices are connected to a central cable, called bus or
backbone.
Ring Topology
• All devices are connected to one another in the shape
of a closed loop.
• Each device is connected directly to two other devices,
one on either side of it.
Star Topology
• All devices are connected to a central hub.
• Nodes communicate across the network by passing data
through the hub or switch.
Mesh Topology
 Each host has its connections to all other hosts.
Wireless network is a type of computer network that uses wireless data
connections for connecting network nodes.
Example
Bluetooth
Wi-Fi
 Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard used for
exchanging data between fixed and mobile devices over short distances.
 WIFI
Wi-Fi Stands for Wireless Fidelity.
Wi-Fi, is a Local Area Wireless
technology.
Access point: The access point is a wireless LAN transceiver or “ base station”
that can connect one or many wireless devices simultaneously to the internet.
Cloud computing is Internet-basedcomputing, whereby shared
resources,software, and information are provided tocomputers and other devices
on demand, like the electricity grid.
Cloud is a type of parallel and distributed system consisting of a collection of inter
connected and virtualized computers that are dynamically provisioned and
presented as one or more unified computing resources based on service-level
agreements established through negotiation between the service provider and
consumers.

IaaS Infrastructure as a Service – IaaS

communication protocol
 is a set of rules for exchanging information over a network.
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
Internet Protocol (IP )
The Advantages/Uses of Network
 Simultaneous Access
 Shared Peripheral Devices
 Personal Communications
 Easier Data Backup
The Networking Devices(Nodes)

 NIC Card
 Repeater
 Hub
 Switch
 Bridge
 Router
 Gateway
 Firewall
NIC (Network Inteface Control)
 is used to physicallyconnect host devices to the network media.
Repeaters
 is a network device used to regenerate a signal
 Hubs
 they take a group of hosts and allow the network to see them as a single
unit.
Bridges
 convert network data formats and perform basic data transmission
management.
Switches
 if data should remain on a LAN and transfer data only to the connection
that needs it.
Routers
 can regenerate signals,
concentrate multiple connections,
convert data transmission formats, and
manage data transfers.
Gateway
 is a piece of networking hardware used in telecommunications for
telecommunications networks that allows data to flow from one discrete
network to another.
Firewall
 is a network device or software for controlling network security and
access rules.
Media
 is to carry a flow of information through a LAN.
Copper Cable
a. Coaxial Cables
b. Shielded Twisted Pair(STP)
c. Unshielded Twisted Pair

Wireless Media
 use the atmosphere, or space, as the medium.
Coaxial Cable
 It can be run longer distances than Twisted pair Cables.
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Unshielded Twisted Pair ( UTP)
 is a four-pair wire
medium used in a variety of
networks.
RJ stand for registered jack
Internet Protocol Suite
 is the foundation of all modern networking.
 It defines the addressing, identification, and routing
specifications for IPv4 and for IPv6.
IEEE 802
 It is a family of IEEE standards dealing with local area networks
and metropolitan area networks.
Ethernet
 It is a family of protocols used in wired LANs, described by a set
of standards together called IEEE 802.3


OSI 7 LAYERS
 Physical,
- is the lowest layer of the OSI model. It
coordinates the function required to transmit a bit stream over a
communication
channel.
 Data link
- is responsible for transmitting the data over
the channels. It is used to divide the stream of bits received from the
network layer into manageable data units called frames.
 Network,
- The network layer is responsible for the delivery of a packet,
across multiple network.
 Transport
- specifies the process to process delivery of the entire message. It is
responsible for flow control and error control.
 Session,
- is the network dialog controller. It is used to
establish, maintain and synchronize the interaction among
communicating
system. Specific responsibility of session layer is dialog control
 Presentation
- he presentation layer is responsible to translate the
information in to bit streams before transmission. It is also responsible
for data encryption, data decryption and data comprehension.
 Application.
Application layer allows the user, whether human or
software, to access the network.
Open System Interconnection (OSI)
used for understanding and designing a network architecture that
is flexible, robust and inter-operable.
TCP/IP model is a four-layer model and the layers are (1) host-to-network
layer, (2) Internet layer, (3) transport layer and (4) application layer.
The three topmost layers (application, presentation and session) in the OSI
model are represented in TCP/IP by a single layer called the application layer.
The host-to-network layer in the TCP/IP model is equivalent to the combination
of physical and data link layer in the OSI model.