Bicol State College of Applied Sciences and Technology

Naga City

DATA COMMUNICATION
LABORATORY

Ronnith P. Ciano

BSECE 5A

Decerie C. Torio

Adviser
Name: Ronnith P. Ciano Laboratory No. :
Course/Yr/ Sec: BSECE 5A Title:
Date:
Objectives:

1. computer network is a set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing
resources. The most common resource shared today is connection to the Internet. Other shared
resources can include a printer or a file server. The Internet itself can be considered as a
computer network.
A computer network is a set of connected computers. Computers on a network are called
nodes. The connection between computers can be done via cabling, most commonly the
Ethernet cable, or wirelessly through radio waves. Connected computers can share resources
like access to the Internet, printers, file servers, and others. A network is a multipurpose
connection, which allows a single computer to do more.
2. Advantages: File Sharing

The major advantage of a computer network is that is allows file sharing and remote file
access. A person sitting at one workstation that is connected to a network can easily see
files present on another workstation, provided he is authorized to do so

Resource Sharing

Resource sharing is another important benefit of a computer network. For example, if there are
twelve employees in an organization, each having their own computer, they will require twelve
modems and twelve printers if they want to use the resources at the same time

Inexpensive Set-Up

Shared resources mean reduction in hardware costs. Shared files mean reduction in memory
requirement, which indirectly means reduction in file storage expenses

Flexible Handling

A user can log on to a computer anywhere on the network and access his files. This offers
flexibility to the user as to where he should be during the course of his routine.

Increased Storage Capacity

Since there is more than one computer on a network which can easily share files, the issue of
storage capacity gets resolved to a great extent

3. What is a Server
A server is a device with a particular set of programs or protocols that provide various
 services, which other machines or clients request, to perform certain tasks.

4. Types of Servers

The multiple types of servers or types of network servers are as follows:

Server Platform: Server platform is the fundamental hardware or software for a system
which acts as an engine that drives the server. It is often used synonymously with an
operating system.
Application Server: Also known as a type of middleware, it occupies a substantial
amount of computing region between database servers and the end user, and is commonly
used to connect the two.
Audio/Video Server: It provides multimedia capabilities to websites by helping the user
to broadcast streaming multimedia content.
Chat Server: It serves the users to exchange data in an environment similar to Internet
newsgroup which provides real-time discussion capabilities.
Fax Server: It is one of the best options for organizations that seek minimum incoming
and outgoing telephone resources, but require to fax actual documents.
FTP Server: It works on one of the oldest of the Internet services, the file transfer
protocol. It provides a secure file transfer between computers while ensuring file security
and transfer control.
Groupware Server: It is a software designed that enables the users to work together,
irrespective of the location, through the Internet or a corporate intranet and to function
together in a virtual atmosphere.
IRC Server: It is an ideal option for those looking for real-time discussion capabilities.
Internet Relay Chat comprises different network servers that enable the users to connect
to each other through an IRC network.
List Server: It provides a better way of managing mailing lists. The server can be either
open interactive discussion for the people or a one-way list that provides announcements,
newsletters or advertising.
Mail Server: It transfers and stores mails over corporate networks through LANs, WANs
and across the Internet.
News Server: It serves as a distribution and delivery source for many public news groups,
approachable over the USENET news network.
Proxy Server: It acts as a mediator between a client program and an external server to
filter requests, improve performance and share connections.
Telnet Server: It enables the users to log on to a host computer and execute tasks as if
they are working on a remote computer.
Virtual Servers: A virtual server is just like a physical computer because it is committed
to an individual customer's demands, can be individually booted and maintains privacy of
a separate computer. Basically, the distance among shared and dedicated (hosting)
servers is reduced providing freedom to other customers, at a less cost. Now, it has
become omnipresent in the data center.
Web Server: It provides static content to a web browser by loading a file from a disk and
transferring it across the network to the user's web browser. This exchange is
intermediated by the browser and the server, communicating using HTTP.
 5. A workstation is a special computer designed for technical or scientific applications. Intended
primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to a local area
network and run multi-user operating systems.

6. A network interface controller (NIC, also known as a network interface card, network adapter,
LAN adapter, and by similar terms) is a computer hardware component that connects a
computer to a computer network. The network controller implements the electronic circuitry
required to communicate using a specific physical layer and data link layer standard such as
Ethernet, Wi-Fi or Token Ring. This provides a base for a full network protocol stack, allowing
communication among small groups of computers on the same LAN and large-scale network
communications through routable protocols, such as IP.
7. Function of NIC: to connect to a network, a computer uses a network interface card (NIC). A NIC
controls the wired and wireless connections of a computer to exchange information with other
computers and the Internet. A computer uses a network interface card (NIC) to become part of
a network. The NIC contains the electronic circuitry required to communicate using a wired
connection (e.g., Ethernet) or a wireless connection (e.g., WiFi). A network interface card is also
known as a network interface controller, network adapter, or Local Area Network (LAN)
adapter.

Purpose

The network controller implements the electronic circuitry required to communicate using a
specific physical layer and data link layer standard such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi or Token Ring. This
provides a base for a full network protocol stack, allowing communication among small groups
of computers on the same LAN and large-scale network communications through routable
protocols, such as IP.

8. Cables
9. Network Repeater
A repeater connects two segments of your network cable. It retimes and regenerates the
signals to proper amplitudes and sends them to the other segments. When talking about,
ethernet topology, you are probably talking about using a hub as a repeater. Repeaters
require a small amount of time to regenerate the signal. This can cause a propagation
delay which can affect network communication when there are several repeaters in a row.
Many network architectures limit the number of repeaters that can be used in a row.
Repeaters work only at the physical layer of the OSI network model.
10. BridgeA bridge reads the outermost section of data on the data packet, to tell where the
message is going. It reduces the traffic on other network segments, since it does not send
all packets. Bridges can be programmed to reject packets from particular networks.
Bridging occurs at the data link layer of the OSI model, which means the bridge cannot
read IP addresses, but only the outermost hardware address of the packet. In our case the
bridge can read the ethernet data which gives the hardware address of the destination
address, not the IP address. Bridges forward all broadcast messages. Only a special
bridge called a translation bridge will allow two networks of different architectures to be
 connected. Bridges do not normally allow connection of networks with different
architectures. The hardware address is also called the MAC (media access control)
address. To determine the network segment a MAC address belongs to, bridges use one
of: Transparent Bridging - They build a table of addresses (bridging table) as they receive
packets. If the address is not in the bridging table, the packet is forwarded to all segments
other than the one it came from. This type of bridge is used on ethernet networks. Source
route bridging - The source computer provides path information inside the packet. This is
used on Token Ring networks.

Network Router

11. A router is used to route data packets between two networks. It reads the information in
each packet to tell where it is going. If it is destined for an immediate network it has
access to, it will strip the outer packet, readdress the packet to the proper ethernet
address, and transmit it on that network. If it is destined for another network and must be
sent to another router, it will re-package the outer packet to be received by the next router
and send it to the next router. The section on routing explains the theory behind this and
how routing tables are used to help determine packet destinations. Routing occurs at the
network layer of the OSI model. They can connect networks with different architectures
such as Token Ring and Ethernet. Although they can transform information at the data
link level, routers cannot transform information from one data format such as TCP/IP to
another such as IPX/SPX. Routers do not send broadcast packets or corrupted packets. If
the routing table does not indicate the proper address of a packet, the packet is discarded.
Brouter
There is a device called a brouter which will function similar to a bridge for network
transport protocols that are not routable, and will function as a router for routable
protocols. It functions at the network and data link layers of the OSI network model.

12.Gateway

A gateway can translate information between different network data formats or network
architectures. It can translate TCP/IP to AppleTalk so computers supporting TCP/IP can
communicate with Apple brand computers. Most gateways operate at the application layer,
but can operate at the network or session layer of the OSI model. Gateways will start at the
lower level and strip information until it gets to the required level and repackage the
information and work its way back toward the hardware layer of the OSI model. To confuse
issues, when talking about a router that is used to interface to another network, the word
gateway is often used. This does not mean the routing machine is a gateway as defined here,
although it could be.

13. Network transceivers connect network nodes and send and receive analog or digital
signals. In Ethernet networks, they are called medium access units (MAU).
 How Network Transceivers Work

Network transceivers apply signals onto a network wire and detect signals passing
through the same wire. In local area networks (LAN), they may be used with networking
repeaters, devices that regenerate or retime signals to ensure that these signals are
transmitted through all network segments.  

14. Hubs

Hubs enable computers on a network to communicate. Each computer plugs into the hub with an
Ethernet cable, and information sent from one computer to another passes through the hub. A
hub can't identify the source or intended destination of the information it receives, so it sends the
information to all of the computers connected to it, including the one that sent it. A hub can send
or receive information, but it can't do both at the same time. This makes hubs slower than
switches. Hubs are the least complex and the least expensive of these devices.

15. Types of Hub:On the basis of its working methods, the Hubs can be divided into three
types, given as:

 Active Hub
 Passive Hub
 Intelligent Hub

Active Hub: As its name suggests, Active Hub is a hub which can amplify or regenerate the
information signal. This type of bus has an advantage as it also amplifies the incoming signal as
well as forward it to multiple devices. This Bus is also known as Multiport Repeater. It can
upgrade the properties if incoming signal before sending them to destination.

Recommended For You: Types Of Networking Servers

Passive Hub: Passive Hub works like a simple Bridge. It is used for just creating a connection
between various devices. It does not have the ability to amplify or regenerate any incoming
signal. It receives signal and then forward it to multiple devices.

Intelligent Hub: This is the third and last type of Bus. It can perform tasks of both Active and
Passive buses. Also, it can perform some other tasks like Bridging and routing. It increases the
speed and effectiveness of total network thus makes the performance of whole network fast and
efficient.

Applications Of Hub: Networking Hub is widely used networking connectivity device. It has
many advantages over other connectivity devices. Some Application of Networking Hub are
given below:

 Hubs are used to create small Home Networks.

16. Switches

Switches work the same way as hubs, but they can identify the intended destination of the
information that they receive, so they send that information to only the computers that are
supposed to receive it. Switches can send and receive information at the same time, so they can
send information faster than hubs can. If your home network has four or more computers or you
want to use your network for activities that require passing a lot of information between
computers (such as playing network games or sharing music), you should probably use a switch
instead of a hub. Switches cost a little more than hubs.