Computer Networks

Presented by:
Huma Khan
Jawad Mughal
Mahpara Hameed
Wajiha Khan
Ziyad Mehtab
Networks

 A collection of computers and other devices

that communicate to share data, hardware,
and software.
 A stand-alone computer is called a
workstation on a network.
 A workstation provides access to:
 Your computer’s local resources
 Network resources
Networks
 A network consists of
two or more computers
that are linked in order
to share resources
(such as printers and
CD-ROMs), exchange
files, or allow electronic
communications. It may
be linked through
cables, telephone lines,
radio waves, satellites,
or infrared light beams.
Networks
Network nodes include
workstations, printers,
and servers.
Networks

 A server is a computer connected to a

network that distributes and stores resources
for other network users.
 With proper licensing, many network users
can use the same applications and data files
simultaneously and share other resources,
such as storage space or a printer.
Types of Networks

 Local Area Network (LAN)

 Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
 LAN it is defined relatively to a small area. It is generally limited
to a building or a geographical area, expanding not more than a
mile apart to other computers.

 LAN configuration consist of:

 A file server - stores all of the software that controls the network,
as well as the software that can be shared by the computers
attached to the network.
 A workstation - computers connected to the file server (Mac or
PCs). These are less powerful than the file server.
 Cables - used to connect the network interface cards in each
computer.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect larger geographic
areas, such as London, the UK, or the world. In this type of
network dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite uplinks
may be used.
Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN)
 Networks that share some of the characteristics
of both LANs and WANs are referred to as
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs).
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) covers larger
geographic areas, such as cities. Often used by
local libraries and government agencies often to
connect to citizens and private industries.
 Difference between LAN &
WAN
Criteria LAN WAN
Types of network Ethernet,FDDI,Token ring ISDN,Leased lines

Objective To connect computer in one place To connect computer any

where in the world

Coverage Short distance Long distance

Speed 2-1000 MBPS 45MBPS

Communication Limit Its permanent ,through cables Its not permanent, through
telephones lines

Uses Sharing resources e.g. Fax, modem, E-mail, file transfer

printer
Cable breaks & Hub failure Disturbance in communication
Problems medium e.g. telephone lines
Networks

 The Internet - largest of all networks.

 Communication standards called protocols
allow for global exchange of information.
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 Internet Protocol (IP)
 Intranets are LANs or WANs that use these
communication standards or TCP/IP.
 Special hardware (modem) and software
(browser) are required.
Communication Protocols
 Protocol is a set of formal operating rules, procedures,
or conventions that govern a given process.
 Communication protocol describes rules that govern
transmission of data over communication networks.
 Roles of communication protocol:
 Data sequencing
 Data routing
 Data formatting
 Flow control
 Error control
Communication Protocols
 Precedence and order of transmission
 Connection establishment and termination
 Data security
 Log information
 Communication protocols are normally split up into a
series of modules logically composed of a
succession of layers.
 Terms protocol suite, protocol family, or protocol
stack are used to refer to the collection of protocols
(of all layers) of a network system.
Network Topology

 The arrangement of a computer in a network is

called network topology. It is the physical layout
of connected computers.
 It refers to the way in which the nodes of a
network are linked together.
Network Topology
 Although, a number of network topologies are possible, four
major ones are:
1. Star Network
2. Ring Network
3. Completely Connected Network
4. Multi-Access Bus Network
Network Topology
STAR NETWORK:
In star topology all the computers are
directly connected to central device. This
central device that connects the computers
is called the “HUB”.
The hub send the data to the destination
computer or computers. It means that the
data is shared between different computer
through the central HUB. If the central
HUB breaks down it effect the whole
networks.
HUB
Network Topology
RING NETWORK:
In ring topology all the computers is
connected to the next computer, and the first
computer is connected to the first
computers. Thus a ring of computer is
formed.
Every computers receives the data from the
previous computer and transmit it to the next
computer till the destination computer
receive the data. In this topology all the
computer on the ring have equal access to
the network. IF the failure of one computer it
effect the whole network.
Network Topology
COMPLETELY CONNECTED NETWORK:
Network Topology

MULTI-ACCESS BUS NETWORK:

In bus topology all the computer are connected to a common
communication medium. A special type of wire is used as the
communication medium. This central wire is called “THE BUS”.
The computers are attached to the BUS. The end of the BUS are
closed with terminators. The terminators are used to absorb the signals.
Bus topology is commonly used for small and simple network. In this
topology only one computer can send the data at a time. Therefore the
speed of the computer reduces as the number of computers attached to
the bus increases.
Network Topology
COMPLETELY CONNECTED NETWORK:
Network Topology
HYBRID NETWORK:
Network Connection

 Types of Connections: There are two types of

connections used in a network to transmit the data
from one location to another location.

 Point-to-Point
 Multipoint
Network Connection

 Point-to-Point: In a Point-to-Point network

structure, a single transmitter and a single
receiver is used.
Network Connection

 Multipoint: In Multipoint network structure,

there are multiple recipients of single
transmission.

 The network Structure cleared when we see the

Diagram.
Network Connection
Network Interface Card (NIC)

 Hardware device that allows a computer to

be connected to a network, both functionally
and physically.
The OSI Model
 The Open System Interconnection (OSI) model is a
framework for defining standards for linking
heterogeneous computers in a packet-switched
network.
 Standardized OSI protocol makes it possible for any
two heterogeneous computer systems, located
anywhere in the world, to easily communicate with
each other.
 Separate set of protocols is defined for each layer in
its seven-layer architecture. Each layer has an
independent function.
Layers, Interfaces, and Protocols
in the OSI Model
Internetworking
 Interconnecting two or more networks to form a
single network is called internetworking, and the
resulting network is called an internetwork.
 Goal of internetworking is to hide details of different
physical networks, so that resulting internetwork
functions as a single coordinated unit.
 Tools such as bridges, routers, brouters, and
gateways are used to internetworking.
 The Internet is the best example of an internetwork.
Bridges

 Operates at the bottom two layers of the OSI

model.
 Connects networks that use the same
communication protocols above data-link
layer but may use different protocols at
physical and data-link layers.
Routers

 Operates at network layer of the OSI model.

 Used to interconnect those networks that use
the same high-level protocols above network
layer
 Smarter than bridges as they not only copy
data from one network segment to another,
but also choose the best route for the data by
using routing table
Gateways

 Operates at the top three layers of the OSI

model (session, presentation, and
application)
 Used for interconnecting dissimilar networks
that use different communication protocols
 Since gateways interconnect dissimilar
networks, protocol conversion is the major
job performed by them
Distributed Computing
Systems
 Configuration where many independent
computer systems are connected, and
messages, processing task, programs, data,
and other resources are transmitted between
cooperating computer systems
 Such an arrangement enables sharing of
many hardware and software resources as
well as information among several users who
may be sitting far away from each other
Main Advantages of Distributed
Computing Systems
 Inherently distributed applications
 Information sharing among distribute users
 Resource sharing
 Shorter response times and higher throughput
 Higher reliability
 Extensibility and incremental growth
 Better flexibility in meeting users’ needs