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CompTIA Network+ Exam N10-008

Lesson 7
Configuring and Troubleshooting
Routers
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Objectives
Compare and contrast routing concepts
Compare and contrast dynamic routing concepts
Install and troubleshoot routers
Lesson 7

Topic 7A
Compare and Contrast Routing
Concepts

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Routing Tables and Path Selection
Protocol
Source of the route
Destination
Network/host address and prefix
Interface
Outgoing interface
Gateway/next hop
Address of next router along the path
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Static and Default Routes
Categories of routing table entries Directly connected routes
Directly connected IP network/subnet for each active
Paths to remote networks interface
Host routes Static routes
Default route Added manually by administrator
Default route
Static route used if no other match
0.0.0.0/0 or ::/0
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Routing Table Example
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Packet Forwarding
Encapsulation for interface data link protocol
Hop count
Time to Live (TTL)
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Fragmentation
IP is unreliable, connectionless delivery mechanism
Packets might be lost, delivered out of sequence, duplicated, or delayed
ID, flags, and fragment offset fields record sequence and fragmentation
Fragmentation to fit layer 2 frame maximum transmission unit (MTU)
MTU path discovery
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Review Activity: Routing Concepts
• Routing Tables and Path Selection
• Static and Default Routes
• Routing Table Example
• Packet Forwarding
• Fragmentation
Lesson 7

Topic 7B
Compare and Contrast Dynamic
Routing Concepts

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Dynamic Routing Protocols
Build routing information base
Share information with other routers (learned routes)
Topology and metrics
Distance vector versus link state
Metrics assess similar routes for use of least-cost path in IP routing table
Algorithm determines nature of metrics
Convergence
All routers agree on network topology
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Interior versus Exterior Gateway Protocols
Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP)
Routing within an autonomous system
(AS)
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)
Routing between autonomous systems
Classless versus classful protocols
IPv6 support
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Routing Information Protocol (Slide 1 of 2)
Distance vector
Next hop (vector)
Hop count (distance)
Slow convergence and inefficient
updates
Maximum hop count of 15
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Routing Information Protocol (Slide 2 of 2)
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RIP Versions
RIPv1
Classful and uses broadcasts over UDP/520
RIPv2
Classless and uses more efficient multicasts
RIPng
IPv6 support over UDP/521
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Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
Update to Interior Gateway Protocol to support classless addressing
Advanced distance vector/hybrid with administrator weighted metric
Bandwidth
Delay
Best convergence performance
Runs over IP directly (protocol number 88) using multicasts
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Open Shortest Path First
Link state interior gateway protocol suited to
complex private networks
Group related networks by area hierarchy
Supports classless addressing
Runs over IP directly (protocol number 89) using
multicasts
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Border Gateway Protocol
Classed as hybrid or path vector
Usually deployed as an Exterior Gateway Protocol
Supports routing on the Internet
Autonomous Systems (ASes) hide internal network complexity from Internet routers
Autonomous System Number (ASN)
BGP routers exchange AS path data between Autonomous Systems
Supports classless addressing
Runs over TCP on port 179
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Administrative Distance
Longer prefixes preferred for path selection
Protocols add one route per destination prefix to
global IP routing table
Routing protocol uses metric to determine least-
cost path
Router uses administrative distance to prefer
paths to same destination learned by different
protocols
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Classless Inter-Domain Routing
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Variable Length Subnet Masks
Use address space in IPv4 network more
efficiently
Rather than use the same mask for all subnets,
use different mask lengths according to host
numbers per subnet
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VLSM Design
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Review Activity: Dynamic Routing Concepts
• Interior versus Exterior Gateway Protocols
• Routing Information Protocol
• RIP Versions
• Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
• Open Shortest Path First
• Border Gateway Protocol
• Administrative Distance
• Classless Inter-Domain Routing
• Variable Length Subnet Masks and VLSM Design
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Review Activity: Design VLSM Subnets
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Review Activity:
Lesson 7

Topic 7C
Install and Troubleshoot Routers

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Edge Routers
• Placement
• Hosts in same IP network/subnet must not be
separated by a router
• Hosts in different IP networks/subnets must be
separated by router
• Edge routers on network perimeter
• Customer edge (CE) to provider edge (PE)
• L1/L2 type (metro-optical, leased line, DSL, cable)
• SOHO-class routers versus enterprise routers
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Internal Routers
• Implement subnets and internal
borders/areas
• Subinterfaces
• Split single physical connection to per-
VLAN subinterfaces
• Layer 3 switches
• Hardware optimized to forward
between VLANs
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Router Configuration
• Management interface
• Console port
• Loopback interface
• Configure router interfaces
• IP configuration
• L2 configuration
• Configure static routes and routing
protocols
• show route
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route
• Troubleshoot Windows and Linux hosts
• Verify default gateway
• Add static route
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tracert and traceroute
• traceroute
• UDP probes to identify each hop in a
path
• Increments TTL with each iteration
• Outputs number of hops, the IP address
of the ingress interface of the router or
host, and time taken in milliseconds (ms)
• tracert
• Windows
• Uses ICMP
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Missing Route Issues
Use ping and traceroute/tracert to identify where network path fails
Check routing table
Missing static route
Dynamic protocol failure
Device configuration review
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Routing Loop Issues
• Incorrect path information causes
packet to circulate until TTL is exhausted
• Use traceroute to diagnose
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Asymmetrical Routing Issues
Return path different to forward path
Issues
Inconsistent latency
Security appliances dropping return packets
Analyze traceroute output and investigate routing tables
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Low Optical Link Budget Issues
Consider PHY/data link layer issues when routing across WANs
Poor connectivity across fiber link
Loss budget expresses amount of loss from attenuation, connectors, and splices measured in dB
Loss budget must be less than power budget (transceiver transmit power and receive sensitivity)
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Review Activity: Router Installation and
• Edge Routers Troubleshooting
• Internal Routers
• Router Configuration
• route
• tracert and traceroute
• Missing Route Issues
• Routing Loop Issues
• Asymmetrical Routing Issues
• Low Optical Link Budget Issues
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CompTIA Network+ Exam N10-008

Lesson 7
Summary

Copyright © 2024
2022 CompTIA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org