3 February 3 March 1945

BACK0R0uNU
BACK0R0uNU
P n 1945, Manila was covered 14.5mi
2
with a population of almost one million.
P The scene of the worst urban fighting in
the Pacific Theater.
P Empire of Japan started invading
Manchuria (part of China) in 1931 .
P Full-scale assault against China in 1937.
BACK0R0uNU
P &.S. embargo on export of scrap iron
and steel with Japan and the freezing of
Japanese assets in the &.S. created
friction.
P The bombing of Pearl Harbor (known as
Operation Z) in 07 December 1941.
P McArthur's vow to liberate Filipinos led
to battles over the archipelago with the
city left as the last defense of Japs.
CAu3L3 0l C0NlLlC1
CAu3L3 0l C0NlLlC1
P The pursuit of the Americans to liberate
Filipinos and their own troops from Japs.
P The Japanese resistance against &.S.
troops.
P Gen. Yamashita then ordered Rear
Admiral wabuchi Sanji to hold the city in
order to give support to the retreating
Japanese forces.
UL3CRlP1l0N 0l l0RCL3
UL3CRlP1l0N 0l l0RCL3
BELLIGERENTS
&nited States
Filipino Guerrillas
Empire of Japan
NDERS
Oscar Griswold
Robert S Beightler
Verne D Mudge
Joseph M Swing
Alfredo M Santos
wabuchi Sanji
STRENGTH
35,000 &.S. troops
3,000 Filipino guerillas
10,000 Japanese sailors and marines
4,000 Army troops
UL3CRlP1l0N 0l l0RCL3
Weapons/ Fire Supports/ Defenses
75-mm. tank guns
76-mm. TD guns
105-mm. field artillery howitzers
155-mm. field artillery howitzers
240-mm. howitzers
8-inch howitzers
4.2-inch mortars
Mines
Fortification of garrisoned buildings
Pillboxes
Bunkers
Snipers
20-mm antiaircraft
40-mm. antiaircraft
25-mm. machine cannon
120-mm. dual-purpose naval gun
200-mm. Navy rockets
450-mm. Navy giants
asuaIties
1, 010 killed
5, 565 wounded
100, 000 Filipino civilians killed
12, 000 killed
1L BA11LL
B40KClUuNl
P Gen. Yamashita decided to leave Manila bec.
of the ff. reasons: (a) it is impossible to feed a
1 million pop'n, (b) buildings are very
inflammable, (c) Manila is on flat land that
requires tremendous strength to defend it.
P Yamashita's plan was to evacuate Manila and
leave behind a small Army force to maintain
order, protect supply movements, and to blow
up bridges over Pasig & Marikina Rivers to
delay Allied forces.
B40KClUuNl
P He organized $2-: group for a final
defensive stand in the mountain country east
and northeast of Manila.
P He placed the city and the Mana Defense
Force under General Yokoyama.
P Vice Adm. Denshichi Okochi, decided to
strengthen the Navy's defenses of Manila
Mana Nava Defense Force under Admiral
wabuchi Sanji.
1apanese lefenses
P The core of defenses was ntramuros
(walled city).
P Fortifying a semicircle of buildings
around the walled city.
1apanese lefenses
P A prime characteristic of the defenses
was man-made defenses of heavily
reinforced concrete buildings.
P Fortified building entrances with
sandbags.
P Barricades along corridors and
stairways.
P Tunnels that connected the basements
of various buildings.
1apanese lefenses
P Pillboxes and bunkers.
P Barricaded streets and intersections
throughout the city with all types of obstacles:
- barbed-wire entanglements
- oil drums filled with dirt or cement
- rails set into the pavement
- hastily dug ditches
- trolley cars, trucks, and automobiles
1apanese lefenses
P Employing mines.
P Mortars.
P Anti-aircrafts.
P Heavy artillery from.
P Japanese Navy's dual-purpose 120-mm. gun.
P Practically none of wabuchi's troops had any
unit training in ground combat operations and
many had very little individual infantry training.
1apanese lefenses
%e lano|ngs
P On 9 January 1945, the Sixth &.S. Army
under Lt.Gen. Walter Krueger waded
ashore on Lingayen Gulf and began a
rapid drive south.
%e lano|ngs
P On 31 January, the Eighth &nited States Army
of Lt. Gen. Robert L. Eichelberger, consisting of
the 187th and 188th Glider nfantry Regiments
of Col. Robert H. Soule, components of the
&.S. 11th Airborne Division under Maj. Gen.
Joseph M. Swing landed unopposed at
Nasugbu in southern Luzon and began moving
toward Manila. Meanwhile, the 11th A/B
Division's 511th Regimental Combat Team of
Col. Orin D. "Hard rock" Haugen parachuted
into Tagaytay Ridge on 4 February and
spearheaded the northern advance.
%e p|an
P V Corps reached Manila on 3
February.
P Stringent restrictions upon artillery
support fires and even tighter
restrictions upon air support operations.
P Securing the city's water supply facilities
and electrical power installations.
%e p|an
l|berar|on of lnrernees
P 2d Squadron, 8th Cavalry, moved into
Manila on the evening of 3 February to
liberate internees at &ST.
P 44th Tank Battalion broke through the
gates of the campus wall.
P After few fight, some 3,500 internees were
liberated.
P Sixty Japanese under Lt. Col. Toshio
Hayashi, the camp commander, held as
hostages another 275 internees.
l|berar|on of lnrernees
P Hayashi demanded a guarantee for safe
conduct from the ground for himself and
his men before he would release the
internees.
P On the morning of 5 February, forty-
seven Japanese were escorted out of
the university to the spot they requested.
l|berar|on of lnrernees
P The Japanese were unaware the area
they requested was near the American-
occupied Malacaang Palace.
P Afterwards were fired upon and several
were killed including Hayashi.
P 5,785 prisoners were liberated.
no|ro|emenr & Massaore
P 1st Cavalry Division in the north and the
11th Airborne Division in the south
reported stiffening Japanese resistance
to further advances into the city.
P n the north, General Griswold continued
to push elements of the V Corps south
from Santo Tomas &niversity toward the
Pasig River.
no|ro|emenr & Massaore
P Late on the afternoon of 4 February, he
ordered the 2nd Squadron, 5th Cavalry,
to seize Quezon Bridge, the only
crossing over the Pasig that the
Japanese had not destroyed.
no|ro|emenr & Massaore
no|ro|emenr & Massaore
P Japanese troops took out their anger
and frustration on the civilians caught in
the crossfire, committing multiple acts of
severe brutality, which later would be
known as the Manila Massacre.
P Violent mutilations, rapes, and
massacres on the populace
accompanied the battle for control of the
city, which lay practically in ruins.
levasrar|on of lnrramuros
P The fighting for ntramuros continued
from 23 February to 28 February.
P American forces used artillery to try and
root out the Japanese defenders.
P The last pocket of Japanese resistance
at the Finance Building, which was
already reduced to rubble, was flushed
out by heavy artillery on 3 March.
4frermar
P 1,010 &.S. soldiers dead and 5,565
wounded.
P 100,000 Filipinos civilians were killed.
P 12,000 Japanese soldiers died.
Al1LR BA11LL ANAL3l3
!r|no|p|e of Ubjeor|ve
P Americans have clear and consistent
goal that is to defeat Japanese forces at
the vicinity of Pacific Nations which have
completed at the end of the day. On the
other hand, wabuchi Sanji's objective in
defending the city was failed even if the
commander's intent was clear to all
subordinates due to some lapses in
execution.
!r|no|p|e of Mass
P Americans have a very good
concentration of the effects of combat
power at the decisive place and time.
The encirclement and bombardment of
ntramuros marked a very decisive
attack.
!r|no|p|e of Mass
P On the other hand, Japanese didn't
really fail to concentrate their force in
defending their position. They have all
the obstacles, anti-aircrafts, and tunnels,
but the problem is.soldiers are less
experienced.
!r|no|p|e of Seour|r,
P Japanese forces are well prepared. All the
buildings and streets at the north of Pasig
River are highly fortified by machine gun
nests, mines, and mortars.
P On the other hand, American forces are also
prepared because of their experience in
urban fighting. They have also heavy
artilleries that bombarded Japanese strong
points resulting to diminished enemy
resistance.
!r|no|p|e of Maneuver
P Americans were able to complete the
encirclement of Japanese defenses
leading them to great advantage over
the enemy.
P On the other hand, Japanese weren't
able to maintain their strong points in
short, defenses at the north of Pasig
River were defeated.
!r|no|p|e of Maneuver
P This was resulted to the push of &.S.
troops towards the ntramuros the
result, encirclement.
C0NCLu3l0N / LL330N3
C0NCLu3l0N / LL330N3
P Battle experience of troops is very vital
in winning the war.
P Supremacy in fire support was also the
life-line of &.S. troops in clearing the
northern part of the Pasig River.
P Securing vital installations like water
supply and power plants are also
important during the battle to deprive the
enemies' primary needs.