Research Design

Research Design
INTRODUCTION :
• THE R ES EA RC H D ES IG N I S TH E CO N C E P TUA L STR U C TU R E W I TH I N
W HI C H R ES EA RC H IS CO N D U C TE D ; I T CO N STI TU TES TH E B LU E P R I N T
FO R TH E CO LL EC TI O N , M EA S U R E M E N T A N D A N A LYS I S O F DATA .
• THE R ES EA RC H D ES IG N P ROV I D ES TH E BAC K B O N E STR U C TU R E O F
THE STU DY, I T S U P P O RTS TH E STU DY A N D H O LD I T' S TO G E TH E R .
• THE R ES EA RC H D ES IG N R E F E RS TO TH E R ES EA RC H E R OV E R A LL P L A N
FO R A N SW E R I N G TH E R ES EA RC H QU ESTI O N O R TESTI N G TH E
R ES EA RC H H YP OTH ES ES .
Meaning of research design
Task of defining the research problem is the preparation of the research project,
popularly known as the "research design".
Decisions regarding what, where, when, how much, by what means concerning
an inquiry or a research study constitute a research design.
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of
data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with
economy in procedure.
PROCESS OF DESIGNING & CONDUCTING A RESEARCHPROJECT
What--What was studied?
 What about--What aspects of the subject were studied?
 What for--What is/was the significance of the study?
What did prior lit./research say?
What was done--How was the study conducted? .
 What was found?
 So what?
 What now?
Hence Research Design is:
 a framework for the research plan of action
a master plan that specifies the methods and procedures for collecting and
analyzing the needed information
a strategy for how the data will be collected .
DEFINITIONS
The Planned sequence of the entire process involved in conducting a research study.
-Miller
Research design is the plan and structure of investigation conceived to answer the research
problem.
-Kerlinger: Foundations of Behavioral Research 1986.
Ex.-What is the effect of the meaningfulness of a lesson on the ability to learn the lesson?
PURPOSES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
It provides the scheme for answering research question .
It maintains control to avoid bias that may affect the outcomes .
It organize the study in a certain way defending the advantages of doing while being aware and
caution about potential disadvantages.
Features of a good research design
A research design appropriate for a particular research problem, usually involves thefollowing
features:
 The mean of obtaining information .
The availability and skills of the researcher and his staff, if any .
The objective of the problem to be studied.
 The nature of the problem to be studied .
The availability of time and money for the research work.
Parts of Research Design
Research design have following parts :
Sampling design - Which deals with the methods of selecting items to be observed for the
study .
Observational design - Which relates to the condition under which the observation
are to be create.
Statistical design - Which concern the question of the of How the information and data
gathered are to be analyzed ?
Operational design - Which deals with techniques by which the procedures
satisfied in sampling.
Principles of a research design
Identifies the problems
Reviews literature around the problem statement
Specifies hypothesis
Describes sources of data
Defines how data will be interpreted
COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
Title of the study
Statement of the problem
 Review of literature
Area & Scope of Study
Objectives of the study
Formulation ofhypothesis
Definition of concepts
Methodology
Sampling design
Constructing the schedule/Questionnaire
Collection of data
Analysis of data
Interpretation of results
 Reporting the findings
Time & Financial budgeting .
ADVANTAGES
Lead to more accurate results .
Give optimum efficiency and reliability .
 Minimise the wastage of time as well as money .
 Instills confidence in the research .
 Provides satisfaction & success.
DIFFERENT RESEARCH DESIGNS
1. Exploratory Type Research Design
2. Descriptive Type Research Design
3. Experimental Type Research Design
1. Exploratory Type Research Design
Explorative research studies are also termed as formulative research studies .

Exploratory study is a systematic scientific approach which enables a social scientist to
determine whether an idea is in reality or not .
Explorative studies can provide ideas, hypothesis, suggestions that might never occur
to the social scientist sitting in an office and mediating over the problem .
More flexible .
Done in the field whether there is little knowledge is available.
Exploratory studies which do not sets limits for themselves have limits imposed by various
practical matters .
Mostly the results obtained through the explorative study are to be treated as a sign post for
future and further study in the same or similar direction .
For this reason, they are also known as formulative studies.
When Exploratory Research can be used ?
When you must define the problem more precisely
To identify relevant courses of action
To Develop Hypotheses
To gain additional insights before an approach can be developed
Establish priorities for further research
Isolate key variables and relationships for further examination
2. Descriptive Type Research Design
Rigid Design .
Probability sampling design .
Pre-planned design for analysis .
Structured instruments for collection of data .
 Advanced decisions about operational procedure
Research design in which the major emphasis is on determining the frequency with which
something occurs or the extent to which two variables co vary.
Enable researcher to describe picture of a phenomenon under investigation .
Methodology involved - qualitative innature producing descriptive data .
Three approaches to enable to record/analyse the bahavioural patterns :
I. Participant observation .
II. Personal documents .
III. Unstructured interviewing
3. Experimental Type Research Design
Professor R.A.Fisher's name is associated with experimental designs .
lt's origin in agricultural research was made by him when he was working in Rothamsted
Experimental Station (Centre for Agricultural Research in England) .
Experiment is a study in which the investigator manipulates or varies (called the independent
variables) & measures other variables (called the dependent variables).
When an experiment is possible it is the most effective method of testing a hypothesis.
i.e. ; one variable 'X' casually influences another variable ‘Y’ .
THANK YOU!

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Explorative research studies are also termed as formulative research studies .

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