CELL

CELL
The Cell Story

The history of the cell started with the invention of the microscope in the 1600s. Due
to the limitations of the human eye, scientists during this period concentrated on
developing tools to examine very small objects. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723),
a Dutch naturalist and craftsman, is known to have made over 500 microscopes
throughout his lifetime. His invention of the microscope paved the way for other
scientist to study small organisms and or structures in their respective field. However,
the term cell was first introduced in 1665 by Robert Hooke, an English
physicist.Examining thin slice of cork from the bark of an oak tree with a crude
compound microscope, Hooke observed empty, honeycomb-like boxes which he called
cells because they resemble the box-like rooms of monks in monasteries. What he
actually observed, though he was not aware of it, was the outermost covering of plant
cells now called cell wall.
Cell is the smallest basic
structural and functional unit
of an organism.
There are two types of multicellular organism
(contains 2 or more cell in its body):
1. Animal Cell 2. Plant Cell

An adult human is estimated to have at
least 70-100 trillion cells spread into
about 200 hundred different tissues. These
cells form the structures of the human
body and act together to help it function.
Major parts of the Animal Cell
1. Cell Membrane- It is the outermost layer in
the animal cell. It keeps all the parts of the cell
inside. It controls what enters and exits the cell
such as water, nutrients and waste and thereby
protects and supports the cell.
2. Cytoplasm- It is large and fluid-filled (called
protoplasm).It fills up the space between the
nucleus and the cell membrane. It is jelly-like
substance compose of mainly water as well as
dissolved nutrients.It is where membrane-bound
organelles are embedded
3. Nucleus- It is located in the cytoplasm of the
cell. It controls and regulates all cell activities.It is
the control center of the cell and it contains the
cell’s DNA.
Organelles
• are small structures inside the cell that
carry specific function. They are
membrane-bound and are embedded in the
fluid-like substance located in the cell’s
cytoplasm.
Animal Cell diagram with the embedded organelles
Animal Cell Organelles (Most common in animal cell)
1. Cytoskeleton
-It provides interior framework for the animal cell. It is
composed of intricate network of protein fibers anchored to the inside
of the plasma membrane. It supportsthe shape of the cell. Three types
are:
a. microfilaments: long, slender and made up
of the protein actin
b. microtubules: hollow tubes made of the
protein tubulin
c. intermediate fibers: thick ropes of protein.
2. Centriole
-It is an
organelle found only in
animal cells that
functions during cell
division.
3. Mitochondria -It breaks down food and release

energy to cell - the “Powerhouse” of the cell. It also
produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking
down fats and
carbohydrates. It produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate.
It has double membrane:
a. Cristae -inner folds
b. Matrix -fluid part
Organelles Found in Both Animal and Plant Cell
1. Endoplasmic reticulum- It is referred to as the

“highway” of the cell that moves materials around to other
parts. It serves as canal for substances.
Its two kinds are:
a. smooth: without attached ribosomes
b. rough: with attached ribosomes
2. Golgi bodies - It is a set of flattened sacs that
serves as the packaging and distribution center
of the cell. It packages, stores, and secretes
energy.
3. Lysosomes
-These are small, spherical organelles that
contain digestive enzymes for proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates. They transport undigested
material to cell membrane for removal. Cell
breaks down if lysosome explodes.
4. Ribosomes
-Each cell contains thousands of
ribosomes. They can either attach to the
endoplasmic reticulum or free. It is made up of
RNA and other protein. It main function is for
synthesizing proteins.
5. Vesicles
They carry materials in and out of the cell. These
include food particles needed by the cell and waste products
secreted by the cell.
6. Peroxisomes
They absorb nutrients that cell has acquired. They digest
fatty acids and play a role in the digestion of alcohol,
cholesterol synthesis and digestion of amino acids.
7. Chromosomes
-Located in the nucleus and is made up of DNA.
Contain instructions for traits & characteristics.
8. Nucleolus
-It is located inside the nucleus and contains RNA
to build protein. It is surrounded by a fluid called
nucleoplasm.
Plant Cell
MAJOR PARTS OF PLANT CELL
1. Cell Wall-
-Found in plant cells but not in animal cells.
 -The outermost layer in the plant cell.
-It is stiff and rigid and helps a plant keep
its shape.
 - Allow materials like water and nutrients; waste,
oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass to and from the cell
membrane.
2. Cell Membrane-
-It is the second layer in the plant cell.
 - It keeps all the parts of the cell inside.
 -It is semi-permeable and controls what
enters and exits the cell such as water, nutrients and
waste and thereby protects and supports the cell.
3. Chloroplast-
-It is only found in plant cells. They are
responsible for photosynthesis.
 -It is color green because of the pigment
called chlorophyll.

4. Cytoplasm-
- It is large and fluid-filled (called
protoplasm)
 - It fills up the space between the nucleus and
the cell membrane.
 -It is jelly-like substance compose of mainly
water as well as dissolved nutrients

5. Nucleus-
-It is located in the cytoplasm of the cell.
 - It controls and regulates all cell activities.
 -It is the control center of the cell and it contains
the cell’s DNA.
Plant cell organelles (Only found in plant cells)
1. Plastids
-These are double-membraned organelles found mainly
in plants.
Types:
a. Chromoplasts: gives yellow, orange and red color to fruits and
flowers.
b. Leucoplasts: are non-pigmented, located in roots, it stores
carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
Plant cell organelles (Only found in plant cells)
2. Vacuoles
-It stores food, enzymes, and other materials
needed by the cell. Some vacuoles store waste products.
Plant cells contain large vacuoles, called central vacuoles
that contain liquid called cell sap. The cell sap is made up of
water, dissolved sugars, mineral salts and amino acids.

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CELL

The Cell Story

1. Animal Cell 2. Plant Cell

3. Mitochondria -It breaks down food and release

1. Endoplasmic reticulum- It is referred to as the

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