Physics Project

Compiled
 Group C
Member 1– ANKUSH SARKAR ✅
Member 2 – ANUSHKA DASGUPTA ✅
Member 3 – ARNESH CHAKRABORTY ✅
Member 4 – AYUSH PAL ✅
Member 5 – BIRSWAROOP PODDER ✅
Member 6 – DEBISMITA GUHA ✅
MEMBER – 1
NAME-ANKUSH SARKAR
Sec-J
Class-VI
Roll-14
 The Big Bang
▣ The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes
how the universe expanded from a primordial state
of high density and temperature. It was first
proposed as a physical theory in 1931 by
Roman priest and physicist Georges
Lemaître Various cosmological models of the Big
Bang explain the evolution of the
observable universe from the
earliest known periods through its subsequent
large-scale form.
Big Bang
Theory
MEMBER – 2
 The origin of Universe

Discovery of Galaxy
i. The German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), who had earlier
proposed that the solar system arose from a disk of rotating dust and gas,
suggested that the Milky Way is one of many "island universes", that is, that
some of the "nebulae" seen in telescopes may be galaxies themselves.
ii. astronomer William Herschel (1738-1822) systematically measured the
proper motion of stars in the sky. He found that stars were moving apart in
one region and coming closer together in another, and concluded that the Sun
was moving toward the region where stars are moving apart.
iii. In 1918, the American astronomer Harlow Shapley (1885-1972) showed that
the Sun is well off center of our home galaxy, by some 30,000 light years. He The asymmetric Milky W
used a certain type of variable star (with known luminosity) to estimate ay in motion
distances from the differing brightness of these stars in various parts of the
heavens.
iv. Edwin Powell Hubble (1889-1953) demonstrated that most "nebulae" are
objects outside our galaxy, using the 100-inch telescope at Mt. Wilson (in
1924). With this powerful instrument, he was able to apply the distance-from-
variable-star method to the Andromeda nebula itself, observing stars within
that neighboring galaxy. Thus, the enormous distance to this neighbor
became clear: Hubble gave it almost a million light years. As it turned out, this
was still quite a bit short of the truth. The distance is greater than 1.5 million
light years. With this greater distance, the information coming in from the
Andromeda could be interpreted correctly, and it turned out to be a sister
galaxy, quite similar to our own. Webb telescope spies millions of
stars in stunning spiral galaxies
MEMBER – 3
THE BIG BANG
THEORY
The Big Bang was the initiation of the continuing expansion of the
universe from a state of high density and temperature. It was
first proposed as a physical theory in 1931 by Roman Catholic
priest and physicist Georges Lemaître when he suggested the
universe emerged from a "primeval atom".
In simple terms the big bang is how astronomers explain the way the
universe began. It is the idea that the universe began as just a
single point, then expanded and stretched to grow as large as it
is right now—and it is still stretching!
MEMBER – 4
What happened before the
big bang?
Ayush Pal 6J
Group-3
member-4
What’s the big bang?

The big bang is a physical theory that describe how the universe expanded
from a primordial state of high density and temperature. In the big bang,a
small atom with a lot of heat exploded and created the universe in less
than a second. The universe growed at that time and is still growing.

The biggest question is- what existed before the big bang?

There are some theories like:

● Supernatural Theories: Many people think god made everything. People
also believe that god existed before the big bang and ‘HE’ also created it.
● Cyclic Model: It suggests that the universe goes in a infinite
cycle of expansion and contraction. Big bang is the expansion
and Big crunch is the contraction

● Multiverse theory: This says that our universe is many universes

in a multiverse. It suggests that new universe are constantly
created like cosmic inflation.

● No-Boundary Proposal- Proposed by Stephen Hawkings and

James Hortle saying universe does not have a boundary of time.
The history of the universe is infinite without any starting point.
MEMBER – 5
Physics Project

Topic: The origin of Universe

Subtopic:What came before the Big Bang?
What is the BIG BANG?
About 13.8 billion years ago, the universe sprang into existence in an event known as the big bang. The early universe was incredibly
hot — too hot for even atoms to exist — and extraordinarily dense. As the universe expanded, its temperature and density decreased.
Atoms formed, then molecules.

In short
The big bang is how astronomers explain the way the universe began. It is the idea that the universe began as just a single
point, then expanded and stretched to grow as large as it is right now—and it is still stretching!
 What came before
the Big Bang? In Actual
“Inflation tells us that the period of time before the Standard Big Bang theory doesn’t have any
Big Bang was extremely cold, almost at absolute explanation for why the universe is so smooth and so
zero, and it was empty of everything but empty uniform, for all these basic properties of the cosmos
that we see. Cosmic inflation sets up this initial state.
space, and that empty space carried energy that
It’s a theory that explains the initial conditions for the
stretched the universe out to this enormous size and Big Bang.
into the initial state before the Big Bang.
MEMBER – 6
THE AMAZING MYSTERIES AROUND US
The origin of
universe
A BRIEF
DESCRIPTION
OF UNIVERSE

It's not possible to know if space is

infinite because humans can't see
IS SPACE
it all. The observable universe is INFINITE?
finite, extending 46 billion light BY DEBISMITA GUHA

CLASS 6-J, GROUP-3,

years in every direction from us. MEMBER 6 ROLL- 19
However, the universe is getting
bigger, and some say it appears to
be expanding in all directions.
● Astronomers measure the universe by looking at
OTHER SPACE THEORIES
its curvature. If the universe is perfectly flat, it
could be infinite. However, if it's curved, like
Earth's surface, then it has a finite volume. HOW UNIVERSE SLOWLY
Current measurements indicate that the ENDS
universe is almost perfectly flat, but even in that
case, it doesn't have to be infinitely big. For
example, the surface of a cylinder is flat, but it's
not infinitely big. If the universe is finite, it could
be like a torus, where light traveling on the
surface can take two paths. It could also be
more than 250 times larger than a Hubble
sphere.
● A Hubble sphere, also known as a Hubble
volume, is a spherical region of the observable
universe where objects move away from an
observer faster than the speed of light due to
the expansion of the universe.
HUBBLE
Bibliography -
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/origins-of-the-universe

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/origin-of-the-universe-extreme-p
hysics-special/

https://www.astronomy.com/science/the-big-freeze-how-the-universe-will-d
ie/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang
Acknowledgement – would
like to express my special thanks to our teacher
Mrs.Kajal Sir for his time and efforts he provided
throughout the year.
THAN
K