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Bode Plot

Control engineering.

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rokred18
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12 views

Bode Plot

Control engineering.

Uploaded by

rokred18
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bode plot

A more systematic way of obtaining the frequency


response is to use Bode plots. Before we begin to
construct Bode plots, we should take care of two
important issues: the use of logarithms and decibels in
expressing gain.Since Bode plots are based on
logarithms, it is important that we keep the following
properties of logarithms in mind:
1. log P1P2 = log P1 + log P2
2. log P1/P2 = log P1 − log P2
3. log Pn = n log P
4. log 1 = 0
• In communications systems, gain is measured in bels.
Historically, the bel is used to measure the ratio of two levels of
power or power gain G; that is,

• When P1 = P2, there is no change in power and the gain is 0 dB.


If P2 =2P1, the gain is
GdB = 10 log10 2 = 3 dB

• Bode plots are semilog plots of the magnitude (in decibels) and
phase (in degrees) of a transfer function versus frequency.
Figure 1.
• The spacing of the log scale is determined by taking the
common log (to the base 10) of the number.
• The log scale does not begin at zero. It begins at 1,
because log1 = 0.
• The distance on the log scale between 1 and 2 is
because of the fact that log102 = 0.3010. Hence 2
appears at about 30 per cent of the full distance of a log
interval (or decade).
• The distance between 1 and 3 is log103 = 0.4771. Hence
3 appears at about 48 per cent of the full distance of a
log interval.
• Log104 = 0.6021 (this is of course 2 log102). Hence 4
appears at about 60 per cent of the full distance of a log
interval.
• It is clear from Figure. 1 that, though intervals
on the log scale become smaller at the high
end of each interval, a single graph can
provide a detailed frequency response
extending over a wide range of frequency
intervals –from 1 kHz to 10 MHz as illustrated.
• Example. Plot the frequency response data
shown using semi-log graph paper.
The transfer function can be written as

Taking the natural logarithm of both sides,


• Thus, the real part of lnH is a function of the
magnitude while the imaginary part is the
phase. In a Bode magnitude plot, the gain is
plotted in decibels (dB) versus frequency.
Table 1provides a few values of H with the
corresponding values in decibels. In a Bode
phase plot, φ is plotted in degrees versus
frequency. Both magnitude and phase plots
are made on semilog graph paper.
• A transfer function in the form of Eq.of
transfer function may be written in terms of
factors that have real and imaginary parts.
One such representation might be
• which is obtained by dividing out the poles
and zeros in H(ω). The representation of H(ω)
is called the standard form. In this particular
case, H(ω) has four different factors that can
appear in various combinations in a transfer
function. These are:
The origin is where ω = 1 or log ω = 0 and the
gain is zero.
• 1. A gain K
• 2. A pole (jω)−1 or zero (jω) at the origin
• 3. A simple pole 1/(1 + jω/p1) or zero (1 +
jω/z1)
• 4. A quadratic pole 1/[1 + j2ζ2ω/ωn +
(jω/ωn)2] or zero [1 + j2ζ1ω/ωk + (jω/ωk)2]
• In constructing a Bode plot, we plot each factor
separately and then combine them graphically.
The factors can be considered one at a time and
then combined additively because of the
logarithms involved. It is this mathematical
convenience of the logarithm that makes Bode
plots a powerful engineering tool.
• We will now make straight-line plots of the
factors listed above. We shall find that these
straight-line plots known as Bode plots
approximate the actual plots to a surprising
degree of accuracy.
• Constant term: For the gain K, the magnitude
is 20 log10 K and the phase is 0◦; both are
constant with frequency. Thus the magnitude
and phase plots of the gain are shown in
Figure.If K is negative, the magnitude remains
20 log10|K| but the phase is ±180◦.
• Figure 2.Bode plots for gain K: (a) magnitude
plot, (b) phase plot
• Pole/zero at the origin: For the zero (jω) at the
origin, the magnitude is 20 log10 ω and the
phase is 90◦. These are plotted in Figure 2, where
we notice that the slope of the magnitude plot is
20 dB/decade, while the phase is constant with
frequency.
• A decade is an interval between two frequencies
with a ratio of 10; e.g., between ω0 and 10ω0, or
between 10 and 100 Hz. Thus, 20 dB/decade
means that the magnitude changes 20 dB
whenever the frequency changes tenfold or one
decade
• .
• The special case of dc (ω = 0) does not appear
on Bode plots because log 0 = −∞, implying
that zero frequency is infinitely far to the left
of the origin of Bode plots.
• The Bode plots for the pole (jω)−1 are similar
except that the slope of the magnitude plot is
−20 dB/decade while the phase is −90◦.
Ingeneral, for (jω)N, where N is an integer, the
magnitude plot will have a slope of 20N
dB/decade, while the phase is 90N degrees.
• Simple pole/zero: For the simple zero (1 +
jω/z1), the magnitude is 20 log10|1 + jω/z1|
and the phase is tan−1 ω/z1. We notice that
• Figure 3.Bode plot for a zero (jω) at the origin:
(a) magnitude plot, (b) phase plot.
• Showing that we can approximate the magnitude as
zero (a straight line with zero slope) for small values
of ω and by a straight line with slope 20 dB/decade
for large values of ω. The frequency ω = z1 where the
two asymptotic lines meet is called the corner
frequency or break frequency. Thus the approximate
magnitude plot is shown in Fig. 3. Where the actual
plot is also shown. Notice that the approximate plot
is close to the actual plot except at the break
frequency, where ω = z1 and the deviation is
• The phase tan−1(ω/z1) can be expressed as
• As a straight-line approximation, we let φ = 0 for ω ≤
z1/10, φ = 45◦ for ω = z1, and φ = 90◦ for ω ≥ 10z1.
As shown in Figure 4 along with the actual plot, the
straight-line plot has a slope of 45◦ per decade.
• The Bode plots for the pole 1/(1 + jω/p1) are similar
to those in except that the corner frequency is at ω
= p1, the magnitude has a slope of −20 dB/decade,
and the phase has a slope of −45◦ per decade.
• Figure 4.Bode plots of zero (1 + jω/z1): (a)
magnitude plot, (b) phase plot.
Example 1.
Construct the Bode plots for the transfer
function

We first put H(ω) in the standard form by


dividing out the poles and zeros.
Thus,
• Hence the magnitude and phase are
• We notice that there are two corner
frequencies at ω = 2, 10. For both the
magnitude and phase plots, we sketch each
term as shown by the dotted lines in Fig. We
add them up graphically to obtain the overall
plots shown by the solid curves.

Example 2.

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