Disperse Dyes-1

Disperse Dyes
Introduction
 The term “disperse dye” have been applied to the organic colouring substances
 which are free from ionizing groups,
 are of low water solubility and
 are suitable for dyeing hydrophobic fibres.
 The dye has derived its name for its insoluble aqueous properties
 Disperse dyes have substantivity for one or more hydrophobic fibres
 e.g. cellulose acetate, nylon, polyester, acrylic and other synthetic fibres.
 The negative charge on the surface of hydrophobic fibres like polyester can not be
reduced by any means, so non-ionic dyes like disperse dyes are used which are not
influenced by that surface charge.
History
 In 1922, Green and Saunders made one type of colored azo compound, in which a
solubilizing group (for example- methyl sulphate, -CH2-SO3H) is attached to amino
group. In dye bath, they are slowly hydrolyzed and produce azo compound and
formaldehyde bi sulphate. This free azo compound was capable of dyeing cellulose
acetate fibers. This dye was named “ion amine”. But this ion amine did not give
satisfactory result in dyeing.
 Later in 1924, Baddiley and Ellis produced sulpho ricinoleic acid (SRA) for dyeing
acetate fibers.
 This SRA was used as dispersing agent. Later it was seen that SRA was capable of
dyeing Nylon, polyester, acrylic etc.
 In 1953 this dye was named as “Disperse Dye”.
Dyeing Mechanism of Disperse Dye
 The dyeing of hydrophobic fibres like polyester fibres with disperse dyes may be
considered as a process of dye transfer from liquid solvent (water) to a solid organic
solvent (fibre).
 Disperse dyes are added to water with a surface active agent to form an aqueous
dispersion.
 The insolubility of disperse dyes enables them to leave the dye liquor as they are more
substantive to the organic fibre than to the inorganic dye liquor.
 The application of heat to the dye liquor increases the energy of dye molecules and
accelerates the dyeing of textile fibres.
 Heating of dye liquor swells the fibre to some extent and assists the dye to penetrate the
fibre polymer system.
 Thus the dye molecule takes its place in the amorphous regions of the fibre.
 Once taking place within the fibre polymer system, the dye molecules are held by
hydrogen bonds andVan Der Waals’ force.
Properties of Disperse Dyes
 Disperse dyes are nonionic dyes. So they are free from ionizing group.
 They are ready made dyes and are insoluble in water or have very low water solubility.
 They are organic colouring substances which are suitable for dyeing hydrophobic fibres.
 Disperse dyes are used for dyeing man made cellulose ester and synthetic fibres specially
acetate and polyester fibres and sometimes nylon and acrylic fibres.
 Carrier or dispersing agents are required for dyeing with disperse dyes.
 Disperse dyes have fair to good light fastness with rating about 4-5.
 The wash fastness of these dyes is moderate to good with rating about 3-4.
 Of all dyestuffs disperse dyes are of smallest molecular size.
 Generally disperse dyes are derivatives of azo, anthroquinone, nitro and quinine groups.
 They do not undergo any chemical change during dyeing.
 In presence of nitrous oxide, textile materials dyed with certain blue and violet disperse
dyes with an anthraquinone structure will fade. This is called gas fading of disperse dyes
which is a defect of this dye
Dispersing Agent
 The reason for which a special chemical is used in dye bath named dispersing agent. They
should be effective under dyeing conditions,
 stable to hard water,
 high temperature and other dyeing assistants.
 For example, soap powder, Turkey Red oil, alkali sulphates, alkyl aryl sulphonates etc.
are some surface active agents which are recommended as dispersing agents in disperse
dyeing.
Functions of Dispersing Agent
 It assists in the process of particle size reduction of dye.

 It enables the dye to be formed in powder form.
 It facilitates the recon version of the powder into a dispersion which is required for dyeing.
 It maintains the dispersion in a fine form in the dye bath through out the process.
 It increases the solubility of disperse dyes in water.
 It affects on the art of dyeing.
Classification of disperse dyes

1) Chemical classification :

I. Nitro dyes
 Example : dispersal fast yellow A, Serisol yellow 2G

II. Amino keton dyes :
 Example : Orange 60

III. Anthraquinonoid dyes
 Example : Alizarin

IV. Monoazo dyes
 Example : Red azo

V. Diazo
 Example : yellow 7
Anthraquinoid dye
 Alizarin
NITRO DYES
 YELLOW 26
AMINO KETONE DYE
 ORANGE 60
Diazo Dye
 Dispersed Yellow7

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 It assists in the process of particle size reduction of dye.

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