Philosophy

UNSCRAMBLED LETTERS
• LWKEDNGO- it is a mental grasp of reality based on perceptual observation.

• EGLYEIOSPTMO- this is a science devoted to the discovery of the proper method
of acquiring and validating knowledge.
• NCPTEOC- it is an abstract or generic idea generalized from particular instances.
• RUTHT- this knowledge is validated which means that is highly based on the facts
of reality.
• NTGRUAEM- a group of statements, one or more which is claimed to provide
support for, or reason to believe one of the others.
ANSWERS
• KNOWLEDGE
• EPISTEMOLOGY
• CONCEPT
• TRUTH
• ARGUMENT
METHODS OF PHILOSOPIZING
• Here we are going to explore some of the

methods of philosophizing that philosophers
employ. According to Wilber (2006) Think of
wisdom as the summit of the mountain with
different paths to get there. We are going to study
the different paths to wisdom the philosophers
offer.
THE DIALECTIC
METHOD
SOCRATIC DIALECTIC METHOD
- Socrates, a Greek philosopher,

developed the dialectic method, a form of
disciplined conversation aimed at
achieving a clear understanding of
concepts, particularly moral concepts like
justice.
- Socrates believed that the soul (psyche)
is made good through knowledge, and this
knowledge is gained by understanding the
true meaning of words.
- The method involves Socrates asking questions to
expose the contradictions in a person’s understanding,
leading them to correct their own errors and arrive at a
clearer understanding.
- This approach, however, was not well-received by the
ruling elites of Athens, leading to Socrates’ trial and
eventual death by poison.
HEGELIAN DIALECTIC METHOD
- German philosopher George Wilhelm Hegel
modernized the dialectic method, focusing on how
ideas evolve within a society.
- Hegel believed that people’s minds are influenced
by the collective consciousness of society, which he
called the “Spirit.”
- The Spirit evolves through a dialectical process
where an idea (thesis) encounters its opposite
(antithesis), and their conflict is resolved by forming a
new idea (synthesis), which incorporates elements of
both.
PRAGMATIC
METHOD
Pragmatism, a philosophy that emerged in
19th century America, was influenced by
the evolutionary ideas of Hegel and
Darwin. Founded by Charles S. Pierce
and popularized by William James and
John Dewey, pragmatism focuses on
making philosophy relevant by solving
real-life problems rather than offering a
set of beliefs.
Pragmatists emphasize that the truth of ideas should be
tested by their practical results. The core principle is that
if a belief leads to successful outcomes and solves
problems, it is considered true. This approach makes
pragmatism a philosophy of method rather than
substance.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL
METHOD
The phenomenological method,
developed by Edmund Husserl in the
19th century, was a response to the
dominance of naturalism, the belief that
everything can be explained in terms of
the physical world. Husserl argued that
this perspective neglects the spiritual
aspects of human existence, leading to a
distorted view of humanity.
To counter this, Husserl emphasized the importance of
returning to “immediate experience”—the world as it
appears to us. He sought to build a philosophy free from
biases and preconceived ideas, focusing on pure
subjectivity. This process, called phenomenological
epoche or bracketing, involves setting aside our biases
to see the world as it truly is through direct experience.
THE PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY REFLECTIONS
Existentialism, rooted in the ideas of
Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich
Nietzsche, emphasizes the personal
choices of the individual. In the 20th
century, Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de
Beauvoir popularized atheistic
existentialism, while Gabriel Marcel and
Karl Jaspers promoted religious
existentialism.
Gabriel Marcel introduced the concept of primary
and secondary reflection. Primary reflection occurs
when we analyze and distinguish the self from
objects, such as when filling out a form with
personal details. However, this level of reflection
feels incomplete, as it doesn’t fully capture who we
are.
Secondary reflection goes deeper, questioning the
process of thinking itself and leading to a more
expansive view of the self, ultimately uniting the self
with the world.
THE ANALYTIC
METHOD
The analytic method, developed by philosophers at
Cambridge University like G.E. Moore, Bertrand
Russell, and Ludwig Wittgenstein, focuses on
clarifying the use of language in philosophy rather
than creating new systems of ideas.
Wittgenstein initially viewed language as a way to
state facts, as reflected in his early work Tractatus
Logico-Philosophicus. However, he later
recognized that words have multiple functions
depending on context. He compared words to tools
in a toolbox, each serving different purposes.
Wittgenstein emphasized analyzing how language is
used in ordinary situations, not constructing an ideal
language. He introduced the concept of “language
games,” where the meaning and use of words are
governed by specific rules, similar to rules in a game,
and these rules vary depending on the context, such as
in economics versus everyday life.

Philosophy

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UNSCRAMBLED LETTERS

• LWKEDNGO- it is a mental grasp of reality based on perceptual observation.

• Here we are going to explore some of the

- Socrates, a Greek philosopher,

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