HELLO!!

HOW ARE
YOU TODAY?!
 I’M GLAD
YOU ARE HERE
TODAY!!!
 om e
el c
W o:
t
UNDERSTANDING
TURE SOCIETY AND POLI
CLASS
 AT THE END OF THIS MODULE YOU;
• Articulate observations on Human and Cultural
Variation, social differences, social change, and political
identities.
• Demonstrate curiosity and an openness to explore the
origins and dynamics of culture, society and political
identity.
• Become aware of why and how cultural relativism
mitigates ethnocentrism.
• Value relativism and ethnocentrism.
What makes
me different?
VARIATION
 Variation is, in fact, inherent in every
living species. It is the result of fundamental
biological and environmental processes, and it is an
important trait in ensuring the vitality of species,
their ability to adapt to changing environments and
even their very survival.
Human
behavio
r
 CULTURAL
VARIATION
refers to the rich
diversity in social
practices that
different cultures
exhibit around the
NATIONALITY
NATIONALITY
Is the identity that is tied to being part of a nation or country- a group of
people who share the same history, traditions and language and who inhabits a
particular territory delineated by a political boarder and controlled by a
government.
It can be acquired by being born in a country or by process of legal
applications called naturalization.
Ethnicity
within a nation are smaller
cultural groups that share specific
environments, traditions and
histories that are not subscribed to
by the mainstream culture.
Ethnicity- refers to cultural
factors, including nationality,
regional culture, ancestry,
and language.
Race refers to a
person's physical
characteristics, such
as bone structure
and skin, hair, or eye
color.
Ethnicity??? Race???
 Your RACE is
determined by how you look
while your ETHNICITY is
determined based on the
social and cultural groups
you belong to. You can have
more than one ethnicities
but you are said to have one
race, even if it's "mixed
race".
Social differences- it includes categories
on gender, socioeconomic class (social
class and economic status), political
identity and religion.
Gender role - refers to the socially constructed
roles, behaviors activities and attributes that a given
society considers appropriate for men and women.

Sex- it refers to the biological characteristics of

humans such as male or female.
 HETEROSEX  Relating to, or characterized by sexual
or romantic attraction to or between
UAL people of the opposite sex.

 Heterosexual is the quality or characteristic

of being romantically, and sexually attracted
to the opposite sex or gender. Heterosexual
men are attracted to women, and
heterosexual women are attracted to men.

www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/heterosexual
https://www.britannica.com/topic/homosexuality
HOMOSEXUAL
 Homosexuality, sexual interest in
and attraction to members of one’s
own sex.
 The term gay is frequently used as a
synonym for homosexual;
 Female homosexuality is often
referred to as lesbianism
 GAY
 Relating to, or characterized by
sexual or romantic attraction to
people of one's same sex often
used to refer to men only.
 Gay is a term that primarily refers
to a homosexual person or the trait
www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gay
of being homosexual.
 BISEXUAL  Bisexual definition is relating to, or
characterized by sexual or romantic
attraction to people of one's same sex and
of the opposite sex; also : of, relating to,
or characterized by sexual or romantic
attraction to people of one's own gender
identity and of other gender identities.
 Traditionally bisexual has referred to
romantic, emotional, or sexual attraction
to two, and no more
than two, genders, specifically men and
www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bisexual women.
www.dictionary.com/browse/bisexual
  relating to a woman who is
LESBIA
sexually attracted to other
N women:
 The word lesbian is also used for
women in relation to their sexual
identity or sexual behavior, regardless
of sexual orientation, or as an
adjective to characterize or associate
nouns with female homosexuality or
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian same-sex attraction.
 POLYSEX  Polysexuality is sexual attraction to
multiple, but not all, genders.
UAL A polysexual person is one
"encompassing or characterized by
many different kinds of sexuality."

 Polysexual: A person of any gender

that is attracted to multiple genders,
but not all.

https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Polysexual
 TRANSGENDER  Relating to, or being a person whose
gender identity differs from the sex
the person had or was identified as
having at birth
 Transgender people say they were
assigned a sex that isn't true to who
they are.
 Many people have assumptions about
what it means to be transgender, but it
isn't about surgery, or sexual orientation,
or even how someone dresses. It's how
they feel inside.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/transgender
 ASEXUAL  Someone who’s asexual
experiences little to no sexual
attraction.
 Many ASEXUALS still have romantic
attractions—identifying themselves as
straight, gay or bisexual romantic—form
committed relationships and value all the
non-sexual benefits of a partnership that
sexual individuals enjoy. Minus the sex.
www.healthline.com/health/what-is-asexual
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/asexual
 PANSEXUAL  Relating to, or characterized by sexual
or romantic attraction that is not
limited to people of a particular
gender identity or sexual orientation

 Pansexual people are attracted to all

kinds of people, regardless of their
gender, sex or presentation.
 not solely homosexual or
heterosexual

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pansexual
  A term referring to a person who does not
TRANSSE
identify with the sex they were assigned at
XUAL birth and wishes, whether successful or not,
to realign their gender and their sex
through use of medical intervention.
 Historically and medically, the term
transsexual was used to indicate a
difference between one’s gender identity
(their internal experience of gender) and
sex assigned at birth (male, female, or
intersex).
https://media.istockphoto.com/photos/transgender-picture-id154884707?k
https://www.healthline.com/health/transgender/difference-between-transgender-and-transsexual#key-
differences

www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/transexual
https://www.diffen.com/difference/Transgender_vs_Transsexual
 Socioeconomi
c Class  The concept of socioeconomic class varies
between societies as the ideas associated with
being poor or rich differ based on the collective
experiences of individuals.

 Social class refers to a group of

people with similar levels of wealth,
influence, and status. Sociologists
typically use three methods to
determine social class:
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/sociology/social-and-global-stratification/types-of-s
ocial-classes-of-people
 THE LOWER  The lower class is typified by
CLASS poverty, homelessness, and
unemployment. People of this
class, few of whom have finished
high school, suffer from lack of
medical care, adequate housing
and food, decent clothing,
safety, and vocational training.

https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/sociology/social-and-global-stratification/types-of-s
ocial-classes-of-people
  The middle class are the “sandwich” class.
THE MIDDLE These white collar workers have more money
CLASS than those below them on the “social ladder,”
but less than those above them.
 They divide into two levels according to wealth,
education, and prestige. The lower middle
class is often made up of less educated people
with lower incomes, such as managers, small
business owners, teachers, and secretaries.
 The upper middle class is often made up of
highly educated business and professional
people with high incomes, such as doctors,
lawyers, stockbrokers, and CEOs.
https://www.yoursnews.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/White-Collar-Jobs-In-India2.jpg
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/sociology/social-and-global-stratification/types-of-social-classes-of-people
  The working class are those minimally
THE WORKING CLASS educated people who engage in “manual
labor” with little or no prestige.
 Unskilled workers in the class—dishwashers,
cashiers, maids, and waitresses—usually are
underpaid and have no opportunity for
career advancement.
 They are often called the working poor.
Skilled workers in this class—carpenters,
plumbers, and electricians—are often
called blue collar workers.
 They may make more money than workers in
the middle class—secretaries, teachers, and
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/sociology/social-and-global-stratification/types-of-social-clas
ses-of-people computer technicians; however, their jobs
https://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-blue-collar-jobs-that-pay-100000-a-year-2015-01-08 are usually more physically taxing, and in
https://www.infowars.com/women-in-blue-collar-jobs-age-faster-than-peers-stud
y/ some cases quite dangerous.
https://www.businessinsider.com/surprisingly-high-paying-jobs-2013-11
 This class divides into two.
THE UPPER  The lower‐upper class includes those with “new
money,” or money made from investments, business
CLASS ventures, and so forth.
 The upper‐upper class includes those aristocratic
and “high‐society” families with “old money” who
have been rich for generations.

 Both groups have more money than they could

possibly spend, which leaves them with much leisure
time for cultivating a variety of interests. They live in
exclusive neighborhoods, gather at expensive social
clubs, and send their children to the finest schools. As
might be expected, they also exercise a great deal of
influence and power both nationally and globally.

https://www.egyptindependent.com/worlds-26-richest-own-sa
me-as-poorest-half-oxfam/
Global North (Industrialized Countries) Global South (Developing countries)
The north-south
divide does not
mean a division
along the EQUATOR
 richest

poorest
Global
North
 refers to the political
and economically
advanced societies in the
world
 USA

http://htc-wallpaper.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/USA-flag.jpg
https://www.placesyoullsee.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/The-20-Best-Places-to-Visit-in-the-United-States-4.jpg
JAPAN

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/6CRG6TzSq4k/maxresdefault.jpg

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IIF5_pQcgE8/VXcBMJhrFhI/AAAAAAAAQu0/l2zpcXm9Q5k/s1600/best-places-to-vi
sit-in-japan.jpg
 FRANCE

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_nCCCMxPDCo/Tchr7ZYrJPI/AAAAAAAAAwg/r6wf_cmCk-E/s1600/Wallpape https://www.prettywildworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Top-Places-to-Visit-in-France-Paris.jpg
rs+Flag+of+France.jpg
 GERMAN
Y

https://www.regdesk.co/reg-ger/

https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WuwNAzPu3xI/UuTSwYZqoqI/AAAAAAAABPM/T1Dq4qgxSiU/s1600/Cologne-Germany-HD123ui4.jp
g
 CANAD
A

https://thegreatcanadiangiftcompany.com/assets/images/Canadian%20Flag.jpg

https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/25/590x/secondary/best-places-to-visit-in-canada-780822.jpg
 AUSTRALI
A

https://www.theflagshop.co.uk/media/catalog/product/cache/1/thumbnail/
9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/a/u/australia-flag-std_1.jpg https://www.aboutaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Sydney-Opera-House-Australia.jpg
 SOUTH
KOREA

https://ak0.picdn.net/shutterstock/videos/6651680/thumb/1.jpg

https://frontera.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/South-Korea.jpg
 UNITED
KINGDOM

https://flagsinternational.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/united-kingdom27.jpg https://www.traveldevotion.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/london22.jpg
 ITALY

https://www.theflagshop.co.uk/media/catalog/product/cache/1/thumbnail/9df
78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/i/t/italy-flag-std.jpg

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Fc9WFuy0b_o/maxresdefault.jpg
 Global
 Refers to the countries
South
whose political and
economic indicators are
within the developing
category.
 AFRICA

https://www.theflagshop.co.uk/media/catalog/product/cache
PHILIPPIN
ES
WBO (World Bank
Organization)
World Bank, in full World Bank
Group, international organization
affiliated with the United Nations (UN)
and designed to finance projects that
enhance the economic development of
member states. Headquartered in
Washington, D.C., the bank is the
largest source of financial assistance
to developing countries.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/World-Bank
 Political Identity
is a social category
refers to the set of
attitudes and practices
that an individual
adheres to in relation
to the political system
and actors within his/
https://cdn.static-economist.com/sites/default/files/images/print-edition/20170318_EUD000_0.jpg
her society
Religion  is an organized system
of belief ceremonies and
rules used to worship a
god or a group of gods
 human beings’ relation
to that which they
regard as holy, sacred,
absolute, spiritual,
divine, or worthy of
especial reverence.
 Believers and worshippers
participate in and are often
enjoined to perform devotional or
contemplative practices such as
prayer, meditation, or particular
rituals. Worship, moral conduct,
right belief, and participation in
religious institutions are among the
constituent elements of the
religious life.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/religion
The earliest forms of religion
revolved around making
sense of natural occurrences
such as extreme weather
conditions, natural and man
made calamities sickness
and even death
 POLYTHEIS
 The belief in the existence of
TIC multiple gods.

Polytheistic religions include;

 Hinduism, Mahayana Buddhism,
Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism,
tribal religions in the Americas and
Africa and modern neo paganism.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/polytheistic
http://www.chakranews.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Hinduism-300x205.jpg
reference.com/world-view/examples-polytheistic-religions-caea08081d24e942
MONOTH  Believe in the existence of one

EISTIC God.
Monotheistic religions include;
Chistianity
Islam
Judaism
Zoroastrianism
Shangdi
Atenism
Exceptionality/ Non-
 Someexceptional
individuals do not conform to
behavioral or cognitive norms, not because
they intend to deviate from such, but because
they are exceptional.
 The concept of exceptionality leans on the
non-average capacity of an individual. This
could be understood in a spectrum of
capabilities, wherein you have the geniuses
in one extreme and you have the disabled
challenged in the other extreme.
Ethnocentrism  Is a perspective that promotes
an individual’s culture as the
most efficient and superior.
 Hence, the individual who
exhibits ethnocentrism feels
that his or her culture is the
most appropriate as
compared with other cultures.
 Ethnocentr  The term was subsequently
ism adopted by William G. Sumner,
an American social scientist
known for his classical liberal
views. Sumner elaborated on the
term, stating it was the
viewpoint that "one's group is
the center of everything" and
that it was "from this point of
view that all other groups are
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-ethnocentrism.html
judged".
http://pages.vassar.edu/realarchaeology/files/2013/09/ethnocentrism-261x300.jpg
Cultural Relativism  Promotes the perspective
that cultures must be
understood in the context of
their locality. Using this
perspective makes you
tolerant of the differing
attitudes and practices of
others.
https://search.yahoo.com/search?fr=mcafee&type=E210US0G0&p=cultural+relativism
Race  the term race was used as
a form of human
classification that was
based on observable
human traits and
characteristics, such as
differences in skin color,
size of skull, height body
frame and other physical
characteristics.
Race
 the idea that the human
species is divided into
distinct groups on the
basis of inherited physical
and behavioral
differences. .
Biological Egalitarianism
promotes the equality of
our biological makeup
despite our ancestry.
 Its ok to be
different, because
we are created with
uniqueness.
You are different