1 Introduction To Chemistry

1Chemistr
Introduction to
CHEM 209-Inorganic and Organic Chemistry

August 22, 2019
Objective
• s
Define chemistry, its history and its
importance in everyday life.
•Describe the methods used to solve
problems and study phenomena in nature
Overview
• Definition of Chemistry
• History of Chemistry
• The Scientific Method
What is
“
Chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of matter and energy
and the interactions between them.”
Odian and Blei (2009)
“Chemistry is science that deals with the

materials of the universe and the changes that
these materials undergo.”
Zumdahl and
DeCoste
(2015)
Chemistry as a Central
Science
GEOLOGY
MEDICIN BIOLOG FOOD AGRICULTUR
EARTH
E Y SCIENCE E SCIENCES
TOXICOLOG BIOCHEMISTR ENVIRONMENT GEOCHEMISTR

Y Y & AL
Y
MOLECULAR SCIENCE
BIOLOGY
PHYSIC
CHEMICAL
S
ENGINEERIN
G CHEMISTRY NUCLEAR
CHEMISTR
Y
MATERIAL
S MATHEMATICS
SCIENCE
CHEMICA
L COMPUTE
NANOSCIENCE
PHYSICS R
NANOTECHNOLO
GY SCIENCE
Brief History in
Chemistry
 Also known by his name Geber
 Author of 22 scrolls describing

methods of distillation,
crystallization, sublimation
and evaporation
 Invented the alembic, a

device used to distill and
study acids.
 Developed early chemical
classification system:
Jabir ibn Hayyan spirits, metals and non-
8th Century A.D. malleable substances.
Muslim Astronomer,
Philosopher and Scientist
Brief History in
Chemistry
 Discovered the inverse
relationship between volume
and pressure of gas, which
is known today as Boyle’s
Law
 Published ‘The Skeptical

Cymist’ on 1661.
 Stated that “all reality and
change can be described
in terms of elementary
Robert Boyle particles and their motion.”
1627-1691
Anglo-Irish Natural Philosopher,
Chemist, Physicist and
inventor
Brief History in
Chemistry
 Disproved that air was an

indivisible element, and that it is
composed of combination of
gases such as oxygen.
Joseph Priestley
1733-1804
Brief History in
Chemistry
 Stated the direct relationship

between temperature and
pressure of gases, commonly
known today as Charles’
Law.
Jacques Charles
1746-1823
French inventor, scientist
Mathematician and balloonist
Brief History in
Chemistry
 Stated the Law of Definite

Proportions, which states ‘a
chemical compound will have
its own characteristics ratio
of elemental compounds’.
Joseph Proust
French Chemist
Brief History in
Chemistry
 Aid in developing the metric

system in order to ensure
uniform weights and measures.
 Established the Law of

Conservation of
Mass
 Published Methods of
Chemical Nomenclature
(1787) and Elementary
Antoine Lavoisier Treatise of Chemistry
1743-1794
French Chemist
Brief History in
Chemistry
 Determined the relative masses

of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
carbon, sulfur and phosphorus.
 Stated the principles of the first

atomic theory of matter
John Dalton
1766-1844
English Meteoreologist
Brief History in
Chemistry
 Known for developing the first

Periodic Table of Elements
Dmitri Mendeleev
1834-1907
Russian Chemist
Brief History in
Chemistry
 Discovered radiation,
showing that certain
elements emit energy at
fixed rates
 Won a Nobel Prize in

1903 for the discovery of
radioactivity.
Henri Becquerel
Pierre and Marie Curie
Physicist and Chemist
Brief History in
Chemistry
 Demonstrated that atoms
consisted of a tiny dense
positively charged region
surrounded by relatively large
areas of empty space in
which negatively charged
particles move
 In short, electrons orbit

around a denser nucleus
composed of neutrons and
protons
Ernest Rutherford
New Zealand Physicist
Brief History in
Chemistry
 Created Bohr’s atomic model,

which shows that electrons
inhabit distinct energy levels.
Niels Bohr
1885-1962
Danish Physicist
Brief History in
Chemistry
 Won the Nobel Prize in 1935 for

his discovery that there an
equal number of electrically
neutral particles in the nucleus
of the atom.
 Stated that neutrons have

more mass than protons.
James Chadwick
1885-1962
British Physicist
What is the Scientific
Method?
“The process that lies at the center of

scientific inquiry.
Zumdahl
and
“ DeCoste
The idealized process of inquiry.
(2015)
Reece et al. (2011)
Scientific
Method
Experiment Observation
LAW
THEORY (Model)
Hypothesis
Theory is a set of tested

hypothesis that gives an Theory
overall explanation of some
Predictions
part of nature. modified
as
Law are universal needed
observations that applies
to many different systems. Experiments
Activity #
1
1. Create a schematic diagram showing your daily
application of the scientific method.
References:
Zumdahl, S. and DeCoste, D. (2015). Basic Chemistry (8th Edition). Cengage
Learning: USA
Odian, G., and Blei, I.(2009). General, Organic and Biochemistry for nursing and
allied Health (2nd Edition). McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.: USA
Campbell, N.A., Reece, J.B., Urry, Cain, M.L.m Wasserman, S.A., Minorsky, P.V.
and Jackson, R.B. (2009) Biology. Pearson Inc.: San Francisco, USA

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1Chemistr

CHEM 209-Inorganic and Organic Chemistry

“Chemistry is science that deals with the

TOXICOLOG BIOCHEMISTR ENVIRONMENT GEOCHEMISTR

 Author of 22 scrolls describing

 Invented the alembic, a

 Published ‘The Skeptical

 Disproved that air was an

 Stated the direct relationship

 Stated the Law of Definite

 Aid in developing the metric

 Established the Law of

 Determined the relative masses

 Stated the principles of the first

 Known for developing the first

 Won a Nobel Prize in

 In short, electrons orbit

 Created Bohr’s atomic model,

 Won the Nobel Prize in 1935 for

 Stated that neutrons have

“The process that lies at the center of

Theory is a set of tested

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