TRANSPORTATION AND EXCRETION

PART -2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• To differentiate between the three types of

blood vessels.
• To describe blood and its components.
• To illustrate the parts of the heart and
correlate the functions of its various parts.
• To elucidate the functioning of the heart
• To explain the terms heartbeat and pulse.
 Blood from the heart gets around
the body through Blood vessels

There are 3 types of blood vessels

a. ARTERY

b. VEIN

c. CAPILLARY
 The ARTERY
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
The pulmonary artery is an exception, as it carries
deoxygenated blood.
the elastic fibres allow the
artery to stretch under
the high pressure with
which the blood is
pumped from the heart.

the thick muscle

The walls of the
can contract to
arteries
push the blood
comprise of
along.
thick muscles
and elastic
 The VEIN
Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart for
purification. Pulmonary vein is the only vein that carries
oxygenated blood.
veins have valves
which act to stop the
blood from going in
the wrong direction.

thin muscle
body muscles surround the
and elastic
veins so that when they
fibres
contract to move the body,
they also squeeze the veins
and push the blood along the
vessel.
 The CAPILLARY
Capillaries are extremely thin blood vessels, which link
Arteries with Veins

they exchange
materials between the
blood and other body
cells.

the wall of a The exchange of materials

capillary between the blood and the
body can only occur through
is only one cell capillaries. They are also
thick responsible for the absorption
of oxygen, digested soluble
food and waste products
produced in the body.
 The CAPILLARY
A collection of capillaries is known as a capillary bed.

artery vein

capillaries
body cell
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ARTERIES AND
VEINS
ARTERIES VEINS
They carry blood from the heart to They carry blood from the body to
the body the heart
These are deep-seated in the body These are superficial
They carry blood rich in oxygen They carry blood rich in carbon
(except the pulmonary artery) dioxide (except the pulmonary
vein)
They are thick-walled They have thin walls
There are no valves present A series of valves is present to
prevent the back flow of
deoxygenated blood.
 what’s in
digested
red blood food white blood
cells cells

oxyge waste
n (urea)

carbon platelets
dioxide
plasm hormone
a s
 The Blood is the most important tissue in the
circulatory system. There are two main
components of blood- the fluid component is called
plasma and the solid component called blood
red blood
corpuscles white blood
cell cell

platelets plasma
THE BLOOD PERFORMS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS

• TRANSPORT FUNCTIONS:
i. It transports food digested in intestine to different
parts of the body.
ii. It transports wastes generated in body to the
kidneys for their removal.
iii. It transports oxygen from lungs to the cells of
body and carbon dioxide from the cells of the body to
the lungs.
PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS:
Engulfs bacteria, produces anti-toxins and antibodies.
• How much blood do we contain?

– On average 4-6 liters

• Composition of Blood:-
• What percent of your blood is 45%
cellular?
– What percent of your blood is
plasma? 55%
 Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes)
contain haemoglobin, a
molecule specially
designed to hold oxygen
and form
a biconcave disc that is oxyhaemoglobin and
spherical and flat. The carry it to cells that need
mature red blood cells are it. Once oxyhaemoglobin
without a nucleus. reaches the cell, oxygen
separates from
haemoglobin and is used
by the cells of the body. It
RBCs are produced in our is because of this
bone marrow.They have pigment that RBCs are
a lifespan of only a few red in colour.
days.
 White Blood Cells (leucocytes)
They are colourless cells. They
are fewer in number and larger
than RBCs.There are many
different types and all contain a
big nucleus.
the two main ones are the
lymphocytes and the
macrophages.
some lymphocytes fight disease by
making antibodies to destroy
invaders or harmful organisms by
dissolving them. They increase in
number when a person suffers
macrophages ‘eat’ and from some illness. They show
amoeboid or Amoeba-like
digest micro-organisms . movement that helps them to
reach the site of infection through
can change shape to an
the walls of the blood vessels.
amazing extent, without
Other lymphocytes make
breaking, as it squeezes
single file through the antitoxins to break down poisons.
Various types of WBCs
 PLATELETS OR THROMBOCYTES
• Platelets are blood cells that help stop bleeding by
clotting blood.
• Oval or round in shape, non-nucleated, they are the
smallest cells in the body.
• Life-span- 3 to 5 days, destroyed in spleen.
• Plasma is the liquid part of the blood
• About half of your blood is made of plasma
• The plasma carries the blood cells throughout the
body
It also contains useful things
• Plasma is made in the liver. like;
A straw-
•carbon dioxide
coloured
liquid • glucose

that • amino acids

carries • proteins

the cells • minerals

and the • vitamins

platelets • hormones

which • waste materials

like urea.
help
blood clot.
THE HEART:
STRUCTURES
Pericardium
Protective sac of
connective tissue
Surrounds the heart
Filled with fluid
 THE HEART
• The heart is located between the lungs and is well protected
by ribs, although it is located centrally, it is tilted towards the
left. It is triangular in shape.
• Size of your closed fist
• Thick muscular walls
• The heart pumps blood. It beats about 60-80 times per
minute
Click icon to add picture STRUCTURE OF HEART

The heart is divided into four

chambers.
Upper two chambers – atria
or auricles receives blood
coming in from the veins
Lower two chambers -
ventricle squeezes blood out
into the arteries
These chambers are
separated by a muscular
wall called septum.
The auricles and ventricles
of the heart are completely
separated so that the blood
flowing in them does not get
mixed up.
 The left auricle is connected
to the left ventricle and the
right ventricle through
small openings called
valves. These cup-shaped
valves allow the flow of
blood in one direction only,
that is, from auricles to
Close up of heart valve ventricles and not back into
Heart sounds are made by the the auricles.
valves
as they open and close
Click icon to add picture FUNCTIONING OF THE
HEART
Blood keeps circulating in
the body by contraction and
relaxation of the heart.

WHEN THE HEART RELAXES-

DEOXYGENATED blood is
collected by SUPERIOR VENA
CAVA from the upper part of
the body and by INFERIOR
VENA CAVA from the lower
part of the body and brought
to the RIGHT AURICLE of the
heart. At the same time,
OXYGENATED blood is
brought to the LEFT AURICLE
of the heart by the
PULMONARY VEIN.
Click icon to add picture FUNCTIONING OF THE HEART
WHEN THE HEART
CONTRACTS:
The DEOXYGENATED blood
passes from the right auricle to
the RIGHT VENTRICLE via the
TRICUSPID VALVE. This
deoxygenated blood, in turn, is
sent to the LUNGS for
purification from the right
ventricle through the
PULMONARY ARTERY via the
PULMONARY VALVE.
At the same time, the
OXYGENATED blood from the left
auricle passes to the LEFT
VENTRICLE via the MITRAL or
BICUSPID VALVE . This
oxygenated blood, in turn, is
pumped to all the body parts
through AORTA via the AORTIC
VALVE.
In this way the cycle goes on.
 Let us recapitulate .How does the Heart work?
Right
atrium
receives
impure
blood from
the upper The heart beat begins when
and lower the
part of the
heart muscles relax and blood
body
flows into the atria.

The RA then contracts and

the tricuspid valve opens to RV
allow blood into the Right
ventricle.
 How does the Heart work?
From the right ventricle the deoxygenated blood is
carried to the lungs by the pulmonary artery for
purification.

From the lungs, the oxygenated or pure blood is

carried to the Left auricle by the pulmonary veins.

LA
The blood is then passed to the left ventricle
through the bicuspid valve and from the left
ventricle to the different parts of the body via the
Aorta (main artery) and its branches.
Deoxygenated blood is then brought back to the
heart through the venae cavae thereby
completing one cycle.
LV
 How does the Heart work?

Contraction of different
chambers of the heart is
known as Systole and
relaxation as Diastole.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ATRIA AND
VENTRICLES
Atria Ventricles
Upper chambers of the heart Lower chambers of the heart
Thin walled Thick walled
Receive blood Pump out blood
Connected to veins Connected to arteries
Pressure comparatively low Pressure comparatively high
 Our circulatory system is a double circulatory system.
This is because the blood travels through the heart twice in every

cycle.
Lungs

the right side of the left side of

the system the system

deals with deals with

deoxygenated oxygenated
blood.
blood.

Body cells
3 KINDS OF CIRCULATION:
• Pulmonary circulation
• Coronary circulation
• Systemic circulation
• PULMONARY CIRCULATION
Movement of blood from the heart, to the lungs, and
back to the heart again
• CORONARY CIRCULATION
Movement of blood through the muscles of the
heart
• SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
Supplies nourishment to all of the tissue located
throughout the body , except for the heart and
lungs
Click icon to add picture HEART BEAT
The heart pumps blood
due to the rhythmic
contraction and
relaxation of the
chambers at an average
of 70-72 times per
minute. This rhythmic
contraction and
relaxation of the heart is
known as HEARTBEAT.
Doctors listen to the
sound of heartbeat using
an instrument called the
STETHOSCOPE. This
device helps to amplify
the sound when it is
placed on the chest near
STETHOSCOPE our heart.
 PULSE

• When the ventricles pump

blood into the arteries, the
arteries distend. When
arteries give away blood to
body organs, they ease
and relax. This is felt
through a throbbing
sensation on the wrist, side
of neck and temples. This
throbbing sensation is
called PULSE. As every
heartbeat sends a pulse
along the arteries, the
rate of both heartbeat
and pulse per minute is
same.
BLOOD PRESSURE
• The heart produces pressure

• The force of blood on the wall of the arteries is

known as blood pressure.

• Blood pressure decreases as the heart relaxes, but

the rest of the circulatory system is still under
pressure.
Click icon to add picture BLOOD PRESSURE
The machine used to
measure blood pressure is
known as
sphygmomanometer.Whe
n blood pressure is taken,
the cuff is wrapped around
the upper portion of the arm
and pumped with air until
blood flow in the artery is
blocked.

As the pressure in the cuff is

relaxed, 2 numbers are
recorded.
– Systolic pressure- the
first number taken, is the
force felt in the arteries
when the ventricles
contract.

– Diastolic pressure- the

second number taken, is
the force of the blood on
the arteries when the
ventricles relax.