CH 02

Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World
Using Information Technology, 10e

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© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Using Information Technology, 10e © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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• Internet history
• Began with 1969s ARPANET for U.S. Dept. of Defense
• 62 computers in 1974
• 500 computers in 1983
• 28,000 computers in 1987
• Early 1990s, multimedia became available on Internet
• 2010 = about 2 billion people on Internet
• To connect you need
• 1. An access device (computer with modem)
• 2. A means of connection (phone line, cable hookup, or
wireless)
• 3. An Internet access provider
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DEFINITION: Bandwidth or channel capacity is an expression of

how much data – text, voice, video, and so on – can be sent
through a communication channel in a given amount of time.
Baseband is a slow type of connection that
allows only one signal to be transmitted at
a time such as Local Area Networks
(LANs), twisted pair cable.
Broadband is a high-speed connection that
allows several signals to be transmitted at
once such as Wide Area Networks
(WANs), coaxial and fiber-optic cable as
well as digital subscriber line (DSL) modem
and wireless connections, such as satellite. 5
• Data Transmission Speeds

• Originally measured in bits per second (bps)
• 8 bits are needed to send one character, such as
A or a
• Kbps connections send 1 thousand bits per second
• Mbps connections send 1 million bits per second
• Gbps connections send 1 billion bits per second
• Uploading & Downloading
• Upload—transmit data from local to remote computer
• Download—transmit data from remote to local computer
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Wired Network: As we all know,

“wired” refers to any physical medium
made up of cables. Copper wire,
twisted pair, or fiber optic cables are
all options. A wired network employs
wires to link devices to the Internet or
another network, such as laptops or
desktop PCs.
Wireless Network: “Wireless” means without wire, media that is
made up of electromagnetic waves (EM Waves) or infrared waves.
Antennas or sensors will be present on all wireless devices. Cellular
phones, wireless sensors, TV remotes, satellite disc receivers, and
laptops with WLAN cards are all examples of wireless devices.
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Dial-up connections —use of landline

telephone modems to connect
computers to the Internet.
•a maximum speed of 56 Kbps
•if using only one telephone number,
cannot be used to make voice calls and
connect to the Internet at the same time.
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• DSL line (digital subscriber line)

• Uses regular phone lines, DSL modem, and
special technology to transmit data in
megabits per second.
• Transmission is consistent; Receives data at
1.5 ̶ 10 Mbps; sends at 128 Kbps – 1.5 Mbps
• T1 line—very expensive
• Traditional trunk line, a fiber-optic or copper
line separate from the phone line, carries 24
normal telephone circuits
• Transmission rate of 1.5 ̶ 6 Mbps (T3 = 6 – 45
Mbps, Major corporation, government, and
academic sites uses T4 = 274,176 Mbps and
T5 = 400,352 Mbps)
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• A cable modem connects a personal computer to a cable-TV

system that offers an Internet connection.
• Transmission rate may not be consistent during peak hours
• Receives data at up to 30 Mbps; sends at about 1.4 Mbps
• Competes with DSL
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• Transmits data between satellite dish

and satellite orbiting earth
• Sends data at around 200 ̶ 512 Kbps;
receives at 1 ̶ 5 Mbps from a
communications satellite, a space station
that transmits radio waves (microwaves)
from earth-based stations.
• Connection is always on
• User needs to buy or lease satellite dish
and modem and have them connected
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• Wi-Fi—stands for “wireless fidelity”

• Transmits data wirelessly up to 54 Mbps for 300 – 500 feet
from access point (hotspot --access points for the public to
use to access Wi-Fi networks )
• Typically used with laptops and tablets that have Wi-Fi
hardware
• 3G—stands for “third generation”; 4G = “fourth generation”;
5G = "fifth generation"
• High-speed wireless that does not need access points,
because it uses existing cellphone system
• Used mostly in smartphones
• Most providers now deliver in the range of 6–11 Mbps
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• 1. Internet Service Provider (ISP) — e.g.,

Earthlink and Comcast provides access to the
Internet for a fee
• Company that links online users to its
servers, which link users to the Internet
through another company’s network
• 2. Wireless Internet Service Provider
(WISP) — e.g., AT&T, Cingular, Verizon
• ISP allows subscribers to connect wireless-
equipped laptop/tablet and smartphone
users to access Internet
• A WISP offers public wireless network
services and Internet access in airports,
hotels, cafés, and other business places
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The foundation
of the Internet is
the backbone,
the fastest part,
which links to
slower types of
connections,
such as those
of ISPs.
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1) POINT OF PRESENCE
• ISPs provide each customer with a point of presence (POP)
— a local access point to the Internet—a collection of
modems and other equipment in a local area.
2) INTERNET EXCHANGE POINT (IXP)
• The ISP in turn connects to an Internet Exchange Point
(IXP), a routing computer at a point on the Internet where
several connections come together.
3) INTERNET BACKBONE
• Internet backbones are high-performance network core
areas that serve to connect the subnetworks below them.
• IXPs are connected by the equivalent of interstate
highways.
• High-speed, high capacity transmission lines, usually fiber-
optic lines, that use the newest communications
technology to transmit data across the Internet. 19
• Protocols
• The set of rules a computer follows to electronically transmit data.
• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the
Internet protocol used for all Internet transactions.
• Developed in 1978 by ARPA; used for all Internet transactions
• Packets
• Fixed-length blocks of data for transmission
• Data transmissions are broken up into packets and re-assembled at
destination (the IP—Internet Protocol— address)
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• IP Address
• Every device connected to the Internet
has an address
• Each IP address uniquely identifies that
device
• The most popular website in 2013 was
Google, whose Internet address is
www.google.com which computer
converts it to a set of numbers, called an
Internet Protocol (IP) address
• An IP address consists of four sets of
numbers between 0 and 255 separated
by decimals (e.g., 1.160.10.240) --- Each
number is between 0 and 255
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• The web and the Internet are not the same; the web is
multimedia-based, and the Internet is not. The Internet
is the infrastructure that supports the web.
• Web Browsers
• Software for web surfing (for accessing particular servers
on the Internet); enables you to find and access the
various parts of the web
• Examples = Internet Explorer
Mozilla FireFox
Apple Macintosh’s Safari
Google’s Chrome
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• Web server helps to deliver web content that can be accessed through
the Internet. The most common use of web servers is to host websites,
as the internet is not only used to fetch the information but there are
other uses such as gaming, data storage or running business
applications.
• Various services provided by web servers are:
• Cost Efficient: Web server is the most cost efficient method to use, maintain
and upgrade. Traditional desktop software costs companies a lot in terms of
finance
• Resource Sharing: Web Server has the capability to store unlimited information
such as Google Drives, Cloud computing etc.
• Data Sharing: With the help of web servers one can easily access the
information from anywhere, where there is an Internet connection using
Google docs such as Documents, Excel sheets, Drawings, PowerPoint
presentations etc.
• Backup and Recovery: As all the data now a days is stored on web servers,
backing it up and restoring the same is relatively much easier than storing the 24
same on a physical device
• Website
• The location on a particular computer (server) that has a unique address;
example : http://www.mru.ac.th
• The website (server) could be anywhere — not necessarily at company
headquarters
• Web Page
• A document on the web that can include text, pictures, sound, and video
• The first page on a website is the Home page; the starting point, or the
main page, of a website that contains links to other pages at the site.
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• TCP/IP— (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is

the basic point-to-point meaning each communication is from
one point (or host computer) in the network to another point
or host computer communication protocol on the Internet.
The data flow in the OSI model
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• FTP: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is

a standard protocol used on
network to transfer the files from
one host computer to another host
computer using a TCP based
network.
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an internet standard

communication protocol that uses Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) to send and receive email messages and is commonly used
by email service providers like Outlook and Gmail. The SMPT
protocol typically sends messages to a mail server, which in turn
relays the email to the intended recipient.
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• HTTP—(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) or protocol used to

access World Wide Web, is a set of standards that allows users
of the World Wide Web to exchange information found on
web pages on internet.
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• URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the web browser addresses of

internet pages and files are known as URL.
• HTTP, http://, most browser assume that all web addresses begin with www.
• https://, which refers to a secure, encrypted form of information transfer on
the Internet
• The domain name system (web server name)/DNS is simply a location
on the Internet, the particular web server.
• domain type: .gov, .com, .net, .edu, .org, .mil, .int —government, commercial,
network, educational, nonprofit, military, or international organization 29
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

• The “markup” language used in writing
and publishing web pages
• Set of instructions used to specify
document structure, formatting,
and links to other documents on the web
• Extensible hypertext markup language (XHTML) is
the new and current version of HTML, which be
delivered to smartphones and other devices that
have fewer resources than traditional computers
have
• Hypertext links connect one web document to
another
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• Organizations that maintain databases accessible

through websites to help you find information on the
internet
• Examples: web portals like Yahoo! and Bing, plus Google,
Ask.com, Gigablast
• Search services maintain search engines—programs that
users can use to ask questions or use keywords to find
information
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Learn a few searching basics to help speed up your searches.

•Try a subject directory: yahoo directory, open directory projects
•Try a metasearch engine
WHAT ABOUT WIKIS & WIKIPEDIA?

is a free online encyclopedia, created
and edited by volunteers around the
world and hosted by the Wikimedia
Foundation.
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• STILL IMAGES
• AUDIO & VIDEO
• SCHOLARLY
• Tagging/Tags: do-it-yourself
labels that people can put
on anything found on the
internet, from articles to
photos to videos
• Can be shared easily with
other people
• Tags are available through
delicious.com, BlinkList, Flickr
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• Step 1: Hosting - The first step in constructing a website is to

decide about the web hosting provider for your site. You can go
either with free hosting or paid one.
• Step 2: Domain Name - A domain name provides extra branding
for your site and makes it easier for people to remember the
URL.
• Step 3: Plan a Web site - After deciding the domain and your
URL, you can start planning your site. You need to decide the
audience aimed at. Choose category of website whether it is
about news, product or reference.
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• Step 4: Build Your Website Page by Page - For building a

website you need to work on one page at a time. Website
software: Wix, WordPress, Dreamweaver, Webflow, etc.
• Step 5: Publish Your Website - After the completion of the
design now it is the time to publish your website on web. Do
it with tools on hosting service or with FTP clients.
• Step 6: Promote Your Website - There are many ways to
promote a website such as web search engine, word of
mouth, email, and advertising.
• Step 7: Maintain Your Website - Maintenance is the last step
of constructing a site which helps in keeping your site
updated with the latest trends of market
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• Uses the Internet to make phone calls via VoIP (Voice over
Internet Protocol)
• Long-distance calls are either very inexpensive or free
• With a PC that has a sound card, microphone, Internet
connection with modem & ISP, and internet telephone
software such as Skype and Vonage
• Also allows videoconferencing
• Sound quality used to be a problem with VoIP, but that has
improved with the widespread availability of broadband.
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• E-Commerce is the buying and selling of goods and

services over the Internet.
• Business-to-business commerce, or B2B commerce, is the
electronic sale or exchange of goods or services directly between
companies, cutting out traditional intermediaries.
• Business-to-consumer commerce, or B2C commerce, is
the electronic sale or exchange of goods and services from
the companies directly to the public, or end users, ex.
online shopping, online banking, online stock trading.
• Consumer-to-consumer commerce, or C2C commerce, is
the electronic sale or exchange of goods and services
between individuals, ex. Person-to-person auctions (eBay),
Vendor-based auctions (OnSale and ebid.net/) 38
Static Pages: Websites were primarily static HTML pages, meaning the content
was fixed and could not be easily changed without manually editing the code.
There was little to no interactivity between the user and the website.
Read-Only: Users could only view or read the content presented on the site but
had limited opportunities to contribute, comment, or interact with it. The web
was mostly a one-way communication medium.
Basic Design: Web 1.0 sites often had simple layouts, minimal graphics, and no
multimedia content or complex user interfaces like we see today. Early websites
were primarily text-based.
Limited Search Capabilities: Search engines were in
their infancy, and users often relied on directories like
Yahoo! to find content, as sophisticated algorithms
like Google's PageRank had not yet been developed.
Slow Connectivity: Internet access was primarily
through dial-up connections, which made browsing
the web slow compared to modern standards. 39
The move toward a more social, collaborative, interactive, and

responsive web; has led to the “social web,” giving rise to:
Social networking sites: Facebook, MySpace, & LinkedIn
 Social networking website: an online community that allows members
to Keep track of friends and Share photos, videos, music, stories, and
ideas
Media-sharing sites: YouTube, Flicker, Shutterfly, etc.
• Media-sharing website: type of online social network in which
members share media such as photos, videos, music, ideas, and so on.
•Social-network aggregators, or social aggregators : Juicer,
Curator, etc. which integrate in YouTube, Facebook, TikTok
• Collect content from all of a user’s various social network profiles into
one place, then allow the user and others to track friends and share
their other social network activities. 40
 SEMANTIC MARKUP
• Semantic markup is a way of writing and structuring
your HTML to describe its content's structural
semantics or meaning, not how it visually presents
the content.
• Search engine crawlers are the most important part
when you consider the SEO of your web page.
• Semantic markup is easier to update and change
than web pages that contain a great deal of
presentation markup.
• PERSONAL BROWSER
• The Web 3.0 browser will probably act as a personal
assistant because every user will have a unique
Internet profile based on his or her browsing history.
• The use of mobile devices for learning is correlated
with market performance and highly correlated with
effective learning. 41
 AI Integration: Web 4.0 is expected to be driven by artificial intelligence (AI),

allowing systems to understand, interpret, and anticipate human needs,
enabling highly personalized and automated services.
 Ubiquitous Connectivity: Enhanced connectivity with 5G, IoT (Internet of
Things), and advanced networking technologies that make the web available
anytime, anywhere, across multiple devices.
 Intelligent Agents: The web will involve autonomous agents, bots, and virtual
assistants capable of learning from user behavior, performing complex tasks,
and improving efficiency in decision-making.
 Machine-Human Interaction: A more natural interface where devices,
machines, and systems can communicate directly with humans, even
predicting and responding to emotions or preferences in real-time.
 Immersive Experiences: Integration of augmented reality (AR), virtual reality
(VR), and mixed reality (MR) to create immersive, multi-sensory digital
experiences.
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Malware is designed to attack on organizations, corporations, and

individuals by destroy data and resources, cause error and slow
down the performance. Virus, trojan horses, worms, and spyware
are the types of malware along with a few others which is more
harmful.
Spyware is a type of malware that
perform certain tasks include watching
and tracking of user actions and
collecting personal data. Moreover,
spyware steal passwords and personal
information of the users by running in
background in the system.
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 Spam: Electronic Junk Mail

 Unsolicited email that takes up your time
 Delete it without opening the message
 Never reply to a spam message
 When you sign up for something, don’t give your
email address
 Use spam filters
 Fight back by reporting new spammers to
www.abuse.net or www.spamhaus.org
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• Cookies
• Little text files left on your hard disk
by some websites you visit
• Can include your log-in name,
password, and browser preferences
• Can make visiting these websites next
time more convenient and faster
• But cookies can be used to gather
information about you and your
browsing habits; this information can
be used without your consent
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Introduction to Information Technology: Your Digital World

Using Information Technology, 10e

DEFINITION: Bandwidth or channel capacity is an expression of

• Data Transmission Speeds

Wired Network: As we all know,

Dial-up connections —use of landline

• DSL line (digital subscriber line)

• A cable modem connects a personal computer to a cable-TV

• Transmits data between satellite dish

• Wi-Fi—stands for “wireless fidelity”

• 1. Internet Service Provider (ISP) — e.g.,

• TCP/IP— (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is

• FTP: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is

• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an internet standard

• HTTP—(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) or protocol used to

• URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the web browser addresses of

• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

• Organizations that maintain databases accessible

Learn a few searching basics to help speed up your searches.

WHAT ABOUT WIKIS & WIKIPEDIA?

• Step 1: Hosting - The first step in constructing a website is to

• Step 4: Build Your Website Page by Page - For building a

• E-Commerce is the buying and selling of goods and

The move toward a more social, collaborative, interactive, and

 AI Integration: Web 4.0 is expected to be driven by artificial intelligence (AI),

Malware is designed to attack on organizations, corporations, and

 Spam: Electronic Junk Mail

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