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CLASS XI
INFORMATICS PRACTICES
COMPUTER …….??
It is a combination of hardware and software resources which integrate
together and provides various functionalities to the user.
HARDWARE
The physical electronic components of a computer are called hardware.
Hardware is tangible.
Example :
 Keyboard
 Monitor
 Printer
 Speaker
 Motherboard
SOFTWARE
These are the recorded instructions and programs that govern the working of
a computer.
Software in intangible.
Example :
 Microsoft suite (Excel, Word, PowerPoint)
 Internet Browsers (Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari)
 Zoom
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTING DEVICES
FIRST GENERATION 1940-1956
Main features of first generation computers are :
 Vacuum tube technology
 Supported machine language only
 Very costly
 Generated a lot of heat
 Huge size
 Non-portable
 Consumed a lot of electricity
 Need of AC
 Slow input and output devices
FIRST GENERATION 1940-1956
Example :
 ENIAC
 EDVAC
 EDSAC
 UNIVAC-1
SECOND GENERATION 1957-1963
Main features of second generation computers are :
 Use of transistors (cheaper, consume less power, more compact in size)
 Reliable in comparison with first generation computers
 Smaller size as compared to first generation computers
 Consume less electricity as compared to first generation computers
 Faster than first generation computers
 Still very costly
 AC required
 Supported machine and assembly language
SECOND GENERATION 1957-1963
Example :
 IBM 1620
 IBM 7094
THIRD GENERATION 1964-1971
Main features of third generation computers are :
 IC used (Single IC has many transistors)
 Smaller size
 Generated less heat
 Faster than second generation computers
 Consume less electricity
 Supported high level languages like PASCAL and BASIC.
Example :
IBM 360
FOURTH GENERATION 1972-1980
Main features of fourth generation computers are :
 VLSI technology used (Very large scale integration)
 Very small size
 Very cheap
 Reliable and portable
 No AC required
 Concept of internet was introduced
 Computers became easily available
Example :
 Star 1000
 Dec 10
FIFTH GENERATION 1981- Present
Main features of fifth generation computers are :
 ULSI Technology (Ultra large scale integration)
 Development of artificial intelligence
 Advancement in parallel processing
 More user friendly interfaces
 Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates.
Example :
 Desktop
 Laptop
 Notebook etc.
CPU : CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
 It is the main control center and processing unit.
 It is also known as brain of computer as it governs the performance of a
computer.
 Alternative names : Central Processor / Main Processor / Processor
SUB COMPONENTS OF CPU
There are two sub-components of CPU

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
CU (Control Unit)
ALU : ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT
It performs all arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication

and division. It also uses logic operation for comparison such as >, >=, <, <=,= etc.
CU : CONTROL UNIT
It controls the entire operation of the computer.

CU act as a supervisor by controlling and guiding the operation taking place.
INPUT UNIT
The input unit is formed by the input devices attached to the computer.
It takes the input and converts it into binary form so that it can be
understood by the computer.
Example of Input Devices :

 Keyboard
 Mouse
OUTPUT UNIT
The output unit is formed by the output devices attached to the computer.
The output unit converts the output in binary form to human readable form.
Example of Output Devices :

 Monitor
 Printer
 Speaker
INPUT DEVICE
Input devices are those devices which help to enter data into the computer system.
Example :
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Touchscreen
 Barcode Reader
 Scanner
 MICR (Magnetic ink character reader)
 OMR (Optical mark reader)
OUTPUT DEVICE
Output devices are those devices which help to display the processed
information.
Example :
 Monitor
 Printer
 Projector
MEMORY / PRIMARY MEMORY / MAIN MEMORY
 Data stored in this memory automatically flushes out with power cut off,
which cannot recover later.
 It is the workplace of a computer system where data is to be kept on
temporary basis for the purpose of processing.
 Every memory location has a definite address.
UNITS OF MEMORY
MEMORY ACCESS TIME
The total time taken to access data from memory is

known as memory access time.
PARTS OF MAIN MEMORY / PRIMARY MEMORY
The main memory can be divided into two parts

RAM ( Random Access Memory )
ROM ( Read Only Memory )
RAM : RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
In RAM, any memory cell can be accessed for information from

any desired memory location.
The efficiency of RAM depends upon the size of RAM.
It supports both read and write operations.
LIMITATION
RAM is volatile in nature.
ROM : READ ONLY MEMORY
 This is only for read operation.
 It is programmed at the time of hardware manufacturing and whatever
we store in this memory cannot change later.
 It is non-volatile in nature.
TYPES OF RAM
RAM is of two types

DRAM : Dynamic Random Access Memory
SRAM : Static Random Access Memory
DRAM
It consists of a transistors and capacitors.
It is volatile in nature.
It needs to be refreshed again and again as capacitor starts losing the
charge over a period of time.
SRAM
It consists of flip-flops.
It is volatile in nature.
Faster access time as compared to DRAM.
Expensive as compared to DRAM.
It occupies more space than DRAM.

TYPES OF ROM
ROM is of three types

PROM : Programmable Read Only Memory
EPROM : Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
EEPROM : Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
PROM
It can be programmed only once.
Once the chip has been programmed, the recorded information cannot be
changed.
EPROM
Erasure is achieved by exposing the chip to ultraviolet light.

EEPROM
Erasure is achieved by exposing the chip to electrical signals.
SECONDARY STORAGE
Secondary storage devices are used to store large amount of data
permanently.
There are various types of secondary storage devices :
 Hard Disks
 Compact Disks (CDs)
 DVDs
 Pen / Thumb Drive
 Blu Ray Disk
HARD DISK
It is an electro-mechanical data storage device that uses magnetic storage to
store the data.
It is a type of non-volatile storage.
COMPACT DISK
They are comparatively cheap and have a storage capacity of upto 700 MB.
There are three types of CDs
CD ROM : Compact Disk Read Only Memory

CD – R : Compact Disk Recordable
CD – RW : Compact Disk Rewritable
CD - ROM
Computers can read the data stored in CD-ROM.
Write operation is not possible.
CD - R
Data can be recorded on CD-R only once.
Data stored on CD-R can’t be erased.
CD - RW
CD-RW is an erasable disk.
We can write data on CD-RW multiple times.
DVD : DIGITAL VIDEO DISK
 Looks same as a compact disk.
 It can hold about 15 times much information and transfer it to
the computer about 20 times as fast as a CD.
 Super Density Disk (SD) : It can hold upto 17 GB of data.
TYPES OF DVD
DVD ROM : Digital Video Disk Read Only Memory
DVD - R : Digital Video Disk Recordable
DVD – RW : Digital Video Disk Rewritable

DVD - ROM
It is a high capacity disk capable of storing 4.7 GB to 17 GB.
DVD - R
It allow users to write on the disk once but read it many times.
DVD - RW
DVD – RW is an erasable disk.
We can write data on DVD-RW multiple times.
PEN / THUMB DRIVE
It is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated
USB interface.
It is removable, rewritable and much smaller and faster than CD and DVD.
BLU RAY DISK (BD)
It is capable of storing large amount of data (high definition videos).
The “Blu ray” refers to the blue laser, which is used to read the data from
the disk.
Blu ray allows the information to be stored at greater density than that of
CDs, DVDs.
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Softwares can be classified broadly into two categories

Application Software
System Software
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Application software is a software that pertains to one application.
Example :
 Word Processor
 Spreadsheet
 Music Player
 Web Browser
UTILITIES
Utilities are those programs that assist the computer by performing house
keeping functions like cleaning viruses, backing up of disk, scanning etc.
Example :
 Antivirus Software
 Backup Utility
 Compression Utility
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
The software that controls internal computer operations is called System
Software.
Internal operations :
 Reading data from input devices
 Converting data / instructions to computer understandable form
 Transmitting processed information to the output devices
TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE
System software can further be classified into two categories :
Operating system
Language Processor
OPERATING SYSTEM
It is a program which acts as an interface between a user and the hardware.
GOAL OF OPERATING SYSTEM
PRIMARY GOAL
To make the computer system convenient to use.
SECONDARY GOAL
To use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
Memory Management
Process Management
File Management
Device Management
USER INTERFACE OF OPERATING SYSTEM
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Command Line Interface (CLI)

GUI : GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
It is a form of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic
devices through graphical icons instead of text based user interfaces.
Example :
 Microsoft Windows
 macOS
 Android
 Apple iOS
CLI : COMMAND LINE INTERFACE
It processes commands to a computer program in the form of lines of text.
Example :
 Linux
 Unix
LANGUAGE PROCESSOR
It is a software that can translate the source code into an machine code.
Source Code : It refers to the program code written by a programmer in a

high level programming language such as Python, C, C++.
Machine Code : It refers to a code usually in machine language, a language

that a computer can understand easily and run on hardware.
COMPILER
It converts the entire HLL (High level language) program into machine
language in one go.
INTERPRETER
It converts a HLL (High level language) program into machine language by
converting and executing it line by line.

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CLASS XI

There are two sub-components of CPU

It performs all arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication

It controls the entire operation of the computer.

Example of Input Devices :

Example of Output Devices :

The total time taken to access data from memory is

The main memory can be divided into two parts

In RAM, any memory cell can be accessed for information from

RAM is of two types

Faster access time as compared to DRAM.

Expensive as compared to DRAM.

It occupies more space than DRAM.

ROM is of three types

Erasure is achieved by exposing the chip to ultraviolet light.

There are three types of CDs

CD ROM : Compact Disk Read Only Memory

DVD ROM : Digital Video Disk Read Only Memory

DVD - R : Digital Video Disk Recordable

DVD – RW : Digital Video Disk Rewritable

Softwares can be classified broadly into two categories

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Command Line Interface (CLI)

It processes commands to a computer program in the form of lines of text.

Source Code : It refers to the program code written by a programmer in a

Machine Code : It refers to a code usually in machine language, a language

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