Chap 4

Computer
Applications
Mohib Ullah Khan
mohibkhan483@gmail.com
1
Book
2  Discovering Computers Fundamentals by Shelly,
Cashman 4th Edition
 Introduction to Computers by Peter Norton, 6th
International Edition
Discovering Computers
Fundamentals,
2010 Edition
Living in a Digital World
4 Objectives Overview
Describe the control
Differentiate among
unit and arithmetic
various styles of
logic unit
system units on
components of a
desktop computers,
processor, and
notebook
explain the four
computers, and
steps in a machine
mobile devices
cycle
Define a bit and

Differentiate among
describe how a
the various types of
series of bits
memory
represents data
5 Objectives Overview
Differentiate
between a port and
Describe the
a connector, and
purpose and types of
explain the
expansion slots and
differences among a
adapter cards
USB port and other
ports
Understand how to
Describe the types
clean a system unit
of buses in a
on a computer or
computer
mobile device
6 The System Unit
 The system unit is a case that contains
electronic components of the computer used
to process data
7 The System Unit
 The inside of the system unit on a desktop personal computer includes:
Drive bay(s)
Power supply
Sound card
Video card
Processor
Memory
8 The System Unit
 The motherboard is the main circuit board of the system unit
 A computer chip contains integrated circuits
9 Processor
 The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU),
interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a
computer
 Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
Multi- Dual- Quad-

core core core
processo processo processo
r r r
10 Processor
11 Processor
 The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and
coordinates most of the operations in the computer
 The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison,
and other operations
12 Processor
 For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic
operations, which comprise a machine cycle
13 Processor
The system clock

controls the timing of
all computer
operations
• The pace of the system clock
is called the clock speed,
and is measured in
gigahertz (GHz)
14 Data Representation
Most computers are digital
Digital signals are in one of two

states: on or off
• Most computers are digital
• The binary system uses two unique digits
(0 and 1)
• Bits and bytes
A computer circuit represents Eight bits grouped together
the 0 or the 1 electronically as a unit are called a byte.
by the presence or absence of A byte represents a single
an electrical charge character in the computer
 ASCII (American
Standard Code for
Information
Interchange) is the
most widely used
coding scheme to
represent data
18 Memory
 Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions
waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those
instructions, and the results of processing the data
 Stores three basic categories of items:
The operating Data being

system and Application processed and
other system programs the resulting
software information
19 Memory
 Each location in memory has an address
 Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K), megabytes (MB),
gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB)
20 Memory
 The system unit contains two types of memory:
Volatile Nonvolatile
memory memory
Loses its contents Does not lose
when power is contents when
turned off power is removed
Examples include
Example includes ROM, flash
RAM memory, and
CMOS
21 Memory
22 Memory
 Three basic types of RAM chips exist:
Dynamic RAM Static RAM

(DRAM) (SRAM)
Magnetoresisti
ve RAM
(MRAM)
23 Memory
 RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into
memory slots
24 Memory
 The amount of RAM necessary in a computer often depends on the
types of software you plan to use
 Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer because it
stores frequently used instructions and data
25 Memory
Read-only memory
(ROM) refers to memory
chips storing permanent
data and instructions
26 Memory
 Flash memory
can be erased
electronically and
rewritten
 CMOS technology
provides high
speeds and
consumes little
power
27 Memory
 Access time is the amount of time it takes the processor to read from
memory
 Measured in nanoseconds
Expansion
28 Slots and Adapter
Cards
 An expansion slot is
a socket on the
motherboard that can
hold an adapter card
 An adapter card
enhances functions of
a component of the
system unit and/or
provides connections
to peripherals
 Sound card and video
card
Expansion
29 Slots and Adapter

Cards
Removable flash memory includes:
 Memory cards, USB flash drives, and PC Cards/ExpressCard modules
30 Ports and Connectors
A port is the point at which a

peripheral attaches to or
communicates with a system unit
(sometimes referred to as a jack)
A connector joins a cable to a
port
 On a notebook computer, the ports are on the back, front, and/or sides
 A USB port can connect up to 127 different peripherals together with
a single connector
 You can attach multiple peripherals using a single USB port with a USB
hub
 Other types of ports include:
Firewire Bluetoot SCSI

port h port port
eSATA IrDA MIDI

port port port
 A port replicator is
an external device
that provides
connections to
peripherals through
ports built into the
device
 A docking station is
an external device
that attaches to a
mobile computer or
device
36 Buses
 A bus allows the
various devices both
inside and attached to
the system unit to
communicate with each
other
 Data bus
 Address bus
 A computer can have
these basic types of
buses:
 System bus
 Expansion bus
37 Bays
 A bay is an
opening inside the
system unit in
which you can
install additional
equipment
 A drive bay
typically holds disk
drives
38 Power Supply
The power supply converts

the wall outlet AC power into
DC power
Some external peripherals

have an AC adapter, which is
an external power supply
39 Putting It All Together
Home Small Office/ Mobile

Intel Core 2 Duo or Home Office Intel Core 2 Extreme
Intel Celeron Dual Intel Core 2 Quad or or AMD Turion X2
Core or AMD Intel Core 2 Extreme
Sempron or AMD Athlon FX or
AMD Athlon X2 Dual- Minimum RAM: 2 GB
Code
Minimum RAM: 2 GB
Minimum RAM: 4 GB
40 Putting It All Together
Power Enterprise
Intel Itanium 2 or Intel Core 2 Quad
AMD Quad Core or Intel Core 2
Opteron or Intel Extreme or AMD
Quad Core Xeon or Athlon FX or AMD
Sun UltraSPARC Athlon X2 Dual-
T2 Core
Minimum RAM: 8 Minimum RAM: 4

GB GB
41 Keeping Your Computer
or Mobile Device Clean
Clean your computer or mobile device once or
twice a year
Turn off and unplug your computer or mobile

device before cleaning it
Use compressed air to blow away dust
Use an antistatic wipe to clean the exterior of

the case and a cleaning solution and soft cloth
to clean the screen
42 Summary
Sequence of
How memory operations that
Components of stores data, occur when a
the system unit instructions, and computer
information executes an
instruction
Comparison of
How to clean the
various personal
exterior and
computer
interior of a
processors on the
system unit
market today
Discovering Computers
Fundamentals,
2010 Edition
Living in a Digital World
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Computer

Define a bit and

Multi- Dual- Quad-

The system clock

Most computers are digital

Digital signals are in one of two

The operating Data being

Dynamic RAM Static RAM

A port is the point at which a

Firewire Bluetoot SCSI

eSATA IrDA MIDI

The power supply converts

Some external peripherals

Home Small Office/ Mobile

Minimum RAM: 8 Minimum RAM: 4

Turn off and unplug your computer or mobile

Use compressed air to blow away dust

Use an antistatic wipe to clean the exterior of

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