Wireless Cellular & LTE 4G

Broadband-15EC81

Module-3: Overview and Channel

Structure of LTE(Lecture-1)
 Overview and Channel Structure of LTE

• Introduction to LTE

• Channel Structure of LTE

• Downlink OFDMA Radio Resource

• Uplink SC-FDMA Radio Resource

 Acronyms
• Following Acronyms are used in this module:
o Mobile Terminal (MT)
o Base Station (BS)
o 3rd Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP)
o Radio Access Network (RAN)
o Core Network (CN)
o UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (UTRAN)
o Universal Mobile Telecommunications
Service (UMTS)
o Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
o Evolved Packet System (EPS)
o Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio
Access (E-UTRA)
o Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio
Access Network (E-UTRAN)
o Radio Network Controller (RNC)
o Evolved Node-B (eNode-B)
o High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA)
o GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network
fGERAN)
o High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA)
 Overview of the LTE radio interface
• The radio interface of a wireless network is the interface between the Mobile
Terminal (MT) and the Base Station (BS)
• The complete packet system consisting of LTE and EPC is called the Evolved
Packet System (EPS).
• LTE is also referred to as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), and
the RAN of LTE is also referred to as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (E-UTRAN).

Figure : Radio interface architectures of UTRAN

and E-UTRAN.
 Overview of the LTE radio interface

• The main architectural difference are, in E-UTRAN (4G) eNode-B is

composed of RNC and Node-B of UTRAN (3G) and eNode-Bs are
interconnected.
• The eNode-B supports additional features, such as

– Radio resource control

– Admission control and

– Mobility management

• The LTE radio interface aims for a long-term evolution, designed to

increase throughput of packet switched services.
 Introduction to LTE

• LTE was designed primarily for high-speed data services.

• The low latency of LTE and its sophisticated quality of service (QoS)
architecture allow a network to emulate a circuit-switched connection
on top of the packet-switched framework of LTE.
 Design Principles of LTE

• Network Architecture

• Data Rate and Latency

• Performance Requirements: Spectrum Efficiency, Mobility,

Coverage, MBMS service
• Radio Resource Management

• Deployment Scenario and Co-existence with 3G

• Flexibility of Spectrum and Deployment 7. Interoperability with 3G

and 2G Networks
 Design Principles of LTE

1. Network Architecture: The LTE radio access network, E-UTRAN, was efficiently
designed to have the minimum number of interfaces and support for traffic
belonging to all the QoS classes such as conversational, streaming, real-time, non-
real-time, and background classes.

2. Data Rate and Latency:

– Data rate: The design peak data rate target in LTE for downlink 100 Mbps and uplink 50
Mbps, when operating at the 20MHz channel size.

– Latency: The one-way latency in the user plane is 5 ms in an unloaded

network, that is, if only a single UE is present in the cell. For the control-
plane latency, the transition time from a camped state to an active state is
less than 100 ms, while the transition time between a dormant state and
an active state should be less than 50 ms.
 Design Principles of LTE
3. Performance Requirements:
– The performance requirements for LTE are specified in terms of

i. Spectrum efficiency ii. Mobility iii. Coverage. iv. MBMS Service

1. Spectrum Efficiency:
• Data rate and spectrum efficiency - 3 to 4 times that of HSDPA (3G)
network.
• For uplink ,Data rate and spectrum efficiency -2 to 3 times that of HSUPA
network.
• The cell edge throughput - 2 to 3 times that of HSDPA and HSUPA.

2. Mobility: To support mobility at different mobile terminal speeds.

• Maximum performance at lower mobile speeds -0 to 15 km/hr.
• Minor performance at higher mobile speeds -120 km/hr.
• LTE with significant degradation in the system performance-350 km/hr
 Design Principles of LTE

3. Coverage:
• Good performance -up to 5 km.
• Slight degradation of the user throughput -up to 30 km.
• Cell ranges -up to 100 km should not be precluded by the specifications.

4. MBMS Service: LTE support for the Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast
Service (MBMS) compared to UTRA (3G) operation.
4. Radio Resource Management(RRM): RRM requirements cover various aspects
such as
• Enhanced support for end-to-end QoS
• Efficient support for transmission of higher layers
• Support for load sharing/balancing and policy management/enforcement
across different access technologies.
 Design Principles of LTE

5. Deployment Scenario and Co-existence with 3G:

• Standalone deployment scenario
• Integrating with existing UTRAN and/or GERAN deployment scenario:

6. Flexibility of Spectrum and Deployment:

• LTE was designed to have a scalable bandwidth from 1.4MHz to 20MHz.
• LTE was designed to operate in both FDD and TDD modes.

7. Interoperability with 3G and 2G Networks:

o Multimode LTE terminals, which support UTRAN and/or GERAN
operation with acceptable terminal complexity and network
performance.
Design Principles of LTE
 Network Architecture

• Figure shows the end -to-end network architecture of LTE and the various
components of the network.

Figure : LTE end-to-end network architecture.

 Network Architecture

• The main components of the E-UTRAN and EPC are

1. UE (user Equipment): It I also called mobile terminal. Provides

measurements that indicate channel conditions to the
network.
2. ENode-B: It also called the base station. The eNode-B is the only logical node in
the E-UTRAN, so it includes some functions such as

a. Radio bearer management,

b. Uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management
c. Data packet scheduling
d. Mobility management.
3. Mobility Management Entity (MME): Similar to the Serving GPRS Support Node
(SGSN). It manages gateway selection and tracking area list management.
 Network Architecture

4. Serving Gateway (Serving GW): It terminates the interface toward E-UTRAN, and routes
data packets between E-UTRAN and EPC.

o Other responsibilities include

 Lawful intercept.
 Charging, and some policy enforcement.

5. Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN GW): The responsibilities of PDN GW :

o It terminates the SGi interface toward the Packet Data Network (PDN).

o It routes data packets between the EPC and the external PDN, and is the key node
for policy enforcement and charging data collection.
o It also provides the anchor point for mobility with non-3GPP accesses.
o The external PDN can be any kind of IP network as well as the IP Multimedia
Subsystem (IMS) domain.
o The PDN GW and the Serving GW may be implemented in one physical node or
separated physical nodes.
 Network Architecture

6. S1 Interface: Interface that separates the E-UTRAN and the EPC. It is split into two
parts:
i. The SI-U: Carries traffic data between the eNode-B and the Serving GW.
ii. The S1-MME: Signaling-only interface between the eNode-B and the MME.
7. X2 Interface: The X2 interface is the interface between eNode -Bs.
It consisting of two parts:
i. The X2-C: Control plane interface between eNode-Bs.
ii. TheX2-U: User plane interface between eNode-Bs.
8. Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF): Policy and charging control.
9. Home Subscriber Server (HSS) : Responsible for the service authorization and user
authentication
10. Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) : Controlling packet sessions and managing the
mobility of the UE for GPRS networks.
 Radio Interface Protocols

• The LTE radio interface is designed based on a layered protocol stack, which can be

divided into Control Plane (CP) and User Plane (UP) protocol stacks and is shown

in Figure

Figure: The LTE radio interface protocol

stack.
 Radio Interface Protocols
• The LTE radio interface protocol is composed of the following layers:
1. Radio Resource Control (RRC): This layer performs the control plane
functions
2. Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP): There is only one PDCP
entity at the eNode -B and the UE per bearer.
3. Radio Link Control (RLC): The main functions of the RLC sublayer are
Segmentation and concatenation of data units, Error correction
through the Automatic Repeat request (ARQ) protocol and In-
sequence delivery of packets to the higher layers.
It operates in three modes:
i. The Transparent Mode (TM)
ii. The Unacknowledged Mode (UM):

iii. The Acknowledged Mode (AM):

 Radio Interface Protocols

4. Medium Access Control (MAC): There is only one MAC entity at the eNode -B
and at the UE.

o It responsible for transport format selection of scheduled UEs , which includes

i. Selection of modulation format

ii. Code rate

iii. MIMO rank and power level.

5. Physical Layer (PHY): The main function of PHY is the actual transmission and
reception of data in forms of transport blocks. The P HY is also responsible for
various control mechanisms such as

o Signaling of H-ARQ feedback o Signaling of scheduled allocations

o Channel measurements.
 Radio Interface Protocols

• The packet flow in the user plane is shown in figure below

Figure : The packet flow in the user plane.

 Hierarchical Channel Structure of LTE

• LTE adopts a hierarchical channel structure to

efficiently support various QoS classes of
services.
• There are three different channel types defined
in LTE
1. Logical channels
2. Transport channels
3. Physical channels
• Each channel type associated with a service access
point (SAP) between different layers.
• These channels are used by the lower layers of the
protocol stack to provide services to the higher
Figure :The LTE radio interface protocol
layers. The radio interface protocol architecture stack and architecture and the SAPs
and the SA Ps between different layers are shown between different layers between
different layers.
 LTE Communication Channel

• The information flows between the different protocols layers are known as channels. These
are used to segregate the different types of data and allow them to be transported across
different layers.
• LTE uses three classes of channels(see fig):

1. Logical channels: Define what type of information is transmitted.

2. Transport channels: Define how this information transmitted.

3. Physical channels: Define where to send this information.

Figure : LTE channel structure

 LTE Communication Channel: Logical Channels

• Logical Channels: What to Transmit

□ Logical channels are used by the MAC to provide services to

the RLC.
□ In LTE, there are two categories of logical channels depending
on the service they provide:
1. Logical Control Channels: Which carries the signaling
information in control plane
2. Logical Traffic Channels: Which carries the date
information in user plane
 LTE Communication Channel: Logical Channels

1. The Logical Control Channels (LCC): which are used to transfer control plane
information. It include the following types:
a. Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): channels are used to broadcast
system control information to the mobile terminals in the cell, including downlink
system bandwidth, antenna configuration, and reference signal power.
b. Multicast Control Channel (MCCH): A point-to-multipoint downlink
channel used for transmitting control information to UEs in the cell.
c. Paging Control Channel (PCCH): A downlink channel that transfers
paging information to registered UEs in the cell.
d. Common Control Channel (CCCH): A bi-directional channel for
transmitting control information between the network and UEs when no RRC
connection is available, implying the UE is not attached to the network such as in the
idle state. Most commonly the CCCH is used during the random access procedure.
 LTE Communication Channel: Logical Channels

e. Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH): A point-to-point, bi-directional channel that

transmits dedicated control information between a UE and the network. This
channel is used when the RRC connection is available, that is, the UE is attached
to the network.

2. The logical traffic channels, which are to transfer user plane information, include:
a. Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH): A point-to-point, bi-directional
channel used between a given UE and the network
b. Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH): A unidirectional, point-to-
multipoint data channel that transmits traffic data from the network
to UEs.
 LTE Communication Channel: Transport Channels

• Transport Channels: How to Transmit

• The transport channels are used by the PHY to offer services to the
MAC.
• These channel is basically characterized by how and with what
characteristics data is transferred over the radio interface, that is, the
channel coding scheme, the modulation scheme, and antenna mapping.
• Transport channels are classified in to

1. Downlink Transport Channels

2. Uplink Transport Channels
 LTE Communication Channel: Transport Channels
1. Downlink Transport Channels
a. Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH):
o These channel are used for transmitting the downlink data,
including both control and traffic data.
o It supports H-ARQ, dynamic link adaption, dynamic and semi-
persistent resource allocation, UE discontinuous reception, and
multicast/broadcast transmission.
o Able to maximize the throughput by allocating the resources to
the optimum UEs.
b. Broadcast Channel (BCH):
o A downlink channel associated with the BCCH logical channel and is
used to broadcast system information over the entire coverage area of
the cell.
 LTE Communication Channel: Transport Channels
1. Downlink Transport Channels
c. Multicast Channel (MCH):
o These channels are associated with MCCH and MTCH logical
channels for the multicast/broadcast service.
o It supports Multicast/Broadcast Single Frequency Network
(MBSFN) transmission.
d. Paging Channel (PCH):
o These are associated with the PCCH logical channel.

o It is mapped to dynamically allocate physical resources, and is

required for broadcast over the entire cell coverage area. o It is
transmitted on the Physical Downlink Shared Channel
(PDSCH), and supports UE discontinuous reception.
 LTE Communication Channel: Transport Channels

2. Uplink Transport Channels:

a. Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH):

o It can be associated to CCCH, DCCH, and DTCH logical channels.

o It supports H-ARQ, dynamic link adaption, and dynamic and semi-

persistent resource allocation.
b. Random Access Channel (RACH):
o A specific transport channel that is not mapped to any logical channel.

o It transmits relatively small amounts of data for initial access or, in the
case of RRC, state changes.
• The data on each transport channel is organized into transport blocks.

• The transmission time of each transport block, also called Transmission Time
Interval (TTI).
 LTE Communication Channel: Transport Channels
• The defined control information includes
1. Downlink Control Information (DCI):
o It carries information related to down -link/uplink scheduling
assignment, modulation and coding scheme, and Transmit Power Control
(TPC) command, and is sent over the Physical Downlink Control Channel
(PDCCH).
o The DCI supports 10 different formats, listed in Table .
 LTE Communication Channel: Transport Channels

2. Control Format Indicator (CFI):

o It indicates how many symbols the DCI spans in that sub frame.
o It takes values CFI = 1, 2, or 3, and is sent over the Physical Control Format
Indicator Channel (PCFICH).
3. H-ARQ Indicator (HI):
o H -ARQ acknowledgment in response to uplink transmissions, and is sent over
the Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH).
o HI = 1 for a positive acknowledgment (ACK)
HI = 0 for a negative acknowledgment (NAK).
4. Uplink Control Information (UCI):
o Measurement indication on the downlink transmission, scheduling
request of uplink, and the H-ARQ acknowledgment of downlink transmissions.
o Transmitted either on the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) or the
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH).
 LTE Communication Channel: Physical Channels

• Physical Channels: Actual Transmission

□ Set of resource elements in the time-frequency grid that carry
information from higher layers.
□ Physical channels are classified into
1. Downlink Physical Channels
2. Uplink Physical Channels
 LTE Communication Channel: Physical Channels

1. Downlink Physical Channels:

a. Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH):

o Transport format and resource allocation related to the DL-SCH and
PCH
transport channels, and the H-ARQ information related to the DL-SCH.
o It also informs the UE about the transport format, resource
allocation, and H-ARQ information related to UL-SCH.
b. Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH):
o This channel carries user data and higher-layer signaling. It is
associated to DL-SCH.
c. Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH):
o It corresponds to the BCH transport channel and carries system
information.
d. Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH):
o It carriers multicast/broadcast information for the MBMS service.
e. Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH):
o This channel carries H-ARQ ACK/NAKs associated with uplink
data transmissions. It is mapped from the HI transport
channel.
f. Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH):
o It informs the UE about the number of OFDM symbols used for
 LTE Communication Channel: Physical Channels

2. Uplink Physical Channels:

a. Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH):
o It carries uplink control information including Channel
Quality Indicators (CQI), ACK /NAKs for H-ARQ in response to
downlink transmission, and uplink scheduling requests.
b. Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH):
o It carries user data and higher layer signaling. It
corresponds to the UL-SCH transport channel.
c. Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH):
o This channel carries the random access preamble sent by
UEs.
 LTE Communication Channel: Physical Channels

2. Uplink Physical Channels:

□ The physical signals defined in the LTE specifications are
1. Reference signal: It is defined in both downlink and uplink
for channel estimation that enables coherent demodulation and
for channel quality measurement to assist user scheduling.
2. Synchronization signal : It is split into a primary and a
secondary synchronization signal, and is only defined in the
downlink to enable acquisition of symbol timing and the
precise frequency of the downlink signal
 LTE Communication Channel: Channel Mapping

□ These all three types of channel are present in Downlink as well as Uplink
direction. Mapping of these channels is shown in below pictures.
□ This is achieved by
1. Mapping between the logical channels and transport channels at the
MAC SAP.
2. Mapping between transport channels and physical channels at the PHY
SAP.
□ The allowed mapping between different channel types is shown in Figure 6.6 and
mapping between control information and physical channels is shown in Figure .
LTE Communication Channel: Channel Mapping
 Downlink OFDMA Radio Resources

• The multiple access in the downlink is based on OFDMA.

• The radio resources allocated to different UEs are orthogonal to each other, which
means there is no intra-cell interference
Frame Structure:
□ Frames are the common time domain elements shared by both
downlink and uplink in LTE.
□ Typical parameters used in LTE specification for down link as shown in

table
Table :Typical Parameters for
Downlink Transmission
 Downlink OFDMA Radio Resources

□ T is the basic time unit for LTE. T can be regarded as the sampling time of an FFT -

based OFDM transmitter/receiver implementation with FFT size NFFT= 2048.

□ As the normal subcarrier spacing is defined to be Δf= 15 kHz
□ Ts defined as Ts = 1 / (Δf / x NFFT ) = 1/ (15000 x 2048 )seconds or about 32.6
nanoseconds.
□ Downlink and uplink transmissions are organized into frames of duration
` Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10ms
□ The 10 ms frames divide into 10 subframes. Each subframe divides into 2 slots of
0.5 ms.
□ LTE supports two kinds of frame structures:
1. Frame structure type 1: It is for the FDD mode.
2. Frame structure type 2: It is for the TDD mode.
 Downlink OFDMA Radio Resources

1. Frame Structure Type 1:

□ Frame structure type 1 is applicable to both full duplex and half duplex FDD.
□ There are three different kinds of units specified for this frame structure, illustrated

in Fig .

Figure: Frame structure type 1

 Downlink OFDMA Radio Resources

1. Frame Structure Type 1: Description of the frame:

o The smallest time unit is called a "slot" of length Tsiot = 15360 x Ts = 0.5ms.
o Two consecutive slots are defined as a "subframe" of length 1 ms.
o Ten subframes or 20 slots, numbered from 0 to 19, constitute a one radio
frame of 10 ms.
o Channel-dependent scheduling and link adaptation operate on a subframe
level. o The subframe duration corresponds to the minimum downlink TTI,
which is of 1 ms duration, compared to a 2 ms TTI for the UMTS (3G).
o A shorter TTI is for fast link adap tation and is able to reduce delay and
better exploit the time-varying channel through channel-dependent scheduling.
o Each slot carries a number of OFDM symbols including C yclic prefix (CP).
With subcarri er spacing Δf = 15kHz, OFDM symbol time is 1/ Δf ≈ 66.7ps.
o LTE defines two different CP lengths (see Fig ):
 Downlink OFDMA Radio Resources

1. Frame Structure Type 1: Description of the frame:

o LTE defines two different CP lengths (see Fig ):

1. Normal CP:

• Seven OFDM symbols per slot.

• Urban environment and high data rate
applications.
• The normal CP lengths are different for the first (TCP = 160 x Ts «

5.2ps) and subsequent OFDM symbols Tcp = 144 x Ts ~ 4.7ps )

which is to fill the entire slot of 0.5 ms.
• The numbers of CP samples for different bandwidths are shown in
Table 6.2. For example, with 10MHz bandwidth, the sampling time

is 1/(15000 x 1024) sec

 Downlink OFDMA Radio Resources

1. Frame Structure Type 1: Description of the frame:

2. Extended CP:
- Six OFDM symbols per slot.
- Multicell multicast/broadcast and with large delay spread at a
price of bandwidth efficiency.
- The extended CP lengths TeCP = 512 x Ts ~ 16.7ps.
- The number of CP samples for the extended CP is 256, which
provides the required CP length of256/(15000 x 1024)
= 1.67ps.
- In case of 7.5 kHz subcarrier spacing, there is only a single
CP length, corresponding to 3 OFDM symbols per slot.
 Downlink OFDMA Radio Resources

2. Frame Structure Type 2:

• Frame structure type 2 is applicable to the TDD mode. Type 2 structure
shown in fig.
• It is designed for 3GPP TD-SCDMA-based standard.

Figure : Frame structure type 2

 Downlink OFDMA Radio Resources

2. Frame Structure Type 2: Description of the frame type 2:

• Frame structure type 2 is of length 7} = 30720 x Ts = 10ms.

• Each frame consists of two half-frames of length 5 ms each.

• Each half-frame is divided into five subframes with 1 ms duration

• There are special subframes, which consist of three fields:
1. Downlink Pilot TimeSlot (DwPTS)
2. Uplink Pilot TimeSlot (UpPTS).
3. Guard Period (GP)
• The total length =constraint of 1 ms.
• Guard period-2 to 10 OFDM symbols, sufficient for cell size up to and
beyond 100 km.
 Downlink OFDMA Radio Resources

2. Frame Structure Type 2: Description of the frame type 2:

• Subframes are defined as two slots, each with length T slot = 0.5 ms.
• "D“= subframes reserved for downlink
"U“= subframes reserved for uplink
"S"= special subframe.

Table: Uplink-Downlink Configurations for the LTE TDD Mode

 Downlink OFDMA Radio Resources: Physical
Resource Blocks for OFDMA
• Physical Resource Blocks for
OFDMA:
□ The physical resource in the downlink
in each slot is described by a time-
frequency grid, called a" resource
grid", as illustrated in Figure 6.10.
□ Each column of the resource grid =
one OFDM symbol
Each row of the resource grid = one
OFDM subcarrier
□ The duration of the resource grid in the
time domain=one slot in a radio frame.
□ The smallest time-frequency unit in a
Fig : The structure of downlink resource
 Downlink OFDMA Radio Resources: Physical
Resource Blocks for OFDMA
• Physical Resource Blocks for OFDMA: Resource Grid :
• The structure of each resource grid is characterized by the following three parameters:
1. The number of downlink resource blocks NBB: It depends on the transmission bandwidth
–

2. The number of subcarrier in resource blocks N: It depends on the subcarrier spacing Δf, satisfying

N$c A/ = 180 kHz, that is, each resource block of 180 kHz wide in the frequency domain. The values

of NBc f°r different subcarrier spacing are shown in Table 6.4. There are a total of NBB x N$c subcarriers in each

resource grid.

3. The number of OFDM symbols in each block Nsy mb: It depends on both the CP length and the subcarrier

spacing, specified in Table 6.4.

• Each downlink resource grid has NBB x /Vjjf x Nfymb resource elements.

• For example, with 10MHz bandwidth, A/ = 15 kHz, and normal CP, we get NBB = 50 from Table 6.2, Nsc - 12
 Downlink OFDMA Radio Resources: Physical
Resource Blocks for OFDMA
• For example, with 10MHz bandwidth, A/ = 15 kHz, and normal CP,
we get NBB = 50 from Table 6.2, Nsc - 12 and N!?ytnh - 7 from Table 6.4,
so there are 50 x 12 x 7 = 4200 resource elements in the downlink
resource grid.

Configuration
NRB NDL

SC symb

Normal CP A/ = 15kHz
12 7

Extended CP A/ = 15kHz 12 6
A / = 7.5kIIz 24 3

Table :Physical Resource Block

Parameters for the Downlink
 Downlink OFDMA Radio Resources: Physical
Resource Blocks for OFDMA
• There are three different reference signals defined in the downlink, and the
associated antenna ports are as follows:
o Cell-specific reference signals support a configuration of 1, 2, or 4
antenna ports and the antenna port number p shall fulfill p = 0, p £ {0,1},

and p G{0,1,2,3}, respectively,

o MBSFN reference signals are transmitted on antenna port p = 4.
o UE-specific reference signals are transmitted on antenna port p = 5
 Downlink OFDMA Radio Resources: Physical
Resource Blocks for OFDMA
•■ Resource Element
o Each resource element in the resource grid is uniquely identified by the
index pair (k, l) in a slot, where k = 0,1,... , N NRBDLNSCRB — 1 and l =
0,1, ... , NsymbDL — 1 are indices in the frequency and time domains,
respectively. The size of each resource element depends on the subcarrier

spacing Af and the CP length.

Resource Block:

o The resource block is the basic element for radio resource allocation.

o The minimum size of radio resource that can be allocated is the minimum TTI in
the time domain, that is, one subframe of 1 ms, corresponding to two resource
blocks.
o The size of each resource block is the same for all bandwidths, which is 180 kHz
in the frequency domain.
o There are two kinds of resource blocks defined for LTE: physical and virtual
 Downlink OFDMA Radio Resources: Resource
Allocation
• Resource allocation's role is to assign available time-frequency resource blocks to different UEs in an efficient

way to provide good system performance.

• Resource allocation in LTE is able to exploit the channel variations in both the time and frequency domain,

which provides higher multiuser diversity gain.

• Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) and Virtual Resource Blocks (VRBs) are defined to support different kinds

of resource allocation types.

• A PRB is defined as NsymbDL consecutive OFDM symbols in the time domain and consecutive subcarriers

in the frequency domain, as demonstrated in Figure.

• PRBs are numbered from 0 to NDL — 1 in the frequency domain.
RR
• The PRB number ήPRB of a resource element (k, l) in a slot is given by:
ήPRB=1/NRB SC
 Downlink OFDMA Radio Resources: Resource
Allocation

• Resource Allocation Type : It specifies the way in which the scheduler allocate
resource blocks for each transmission
• The LTE downlink supports three resource allocation types: type 0, 1, and 2.
1. Resource Allocation Type 0:
• First it divides resource blocks into multiples of groups.
• This resource block group is called RBG (Resource Block Group).
• The number of resource block in each group varies depending on the
system band width.
• It means RBG size gets different depending on the system bandwidth.
• The relationship between RBS size (the number of resource block in a
RBG) and the system bandwidth as shown in Table 6.5.
 Downlink OFDMA Radio Resources: Resource
Allocation
• The relationship between RBS size ▲
RBG subset I
RBG 5
(the number of resource block in a ▼
▲ RBG subset 0
RBG) and the system bandwidth as RBG 4
T
shown in Table 6.5. ▲ RBG subset 3
RBG 3
▼
A RBG subset 2
RBG 2
▼
A RBG subset I

RBG I
▼
A RBG subset 0

RBG 0
▼

Table 6.5 Resource Allocation RBG Resource allocation

Resource allocation type I
type 0
Size vs. Downlink System Bandwidth
Figure 6.11 Examples of resource allocation type 0
and type 1, where the RBG size P= 4.
 Downlink OFDMA Radio Resources: Resource
Allocation
2. Resource Allocation Type 1:
– Here all the RBGs are grouped into a number of RBG subsets, and certain
PRBs inside a selected RBG subset are allocated to the UE.
– There are a total of P RBG subsets, where P is the RBG size. An RBG subset
p, wh ere 0 < p < P consists of every Pth RBG starting from RBG p.
– Therefore, the resource assignment information consists of three fields:
1. The first field indicates the selected RBG subset
2. The second field indicates whether an offset is applied, and
3. The third field contains the bitmap indicating PRBs inside the selected
RBG subset. This type of resource allocation is more flexible and is
able to provide higher frequency diversity, but it also requires a larger
overhead.
 Downlink OFDMA Radio Resources: Resource
Allocation
3. Resource Allocation Type 2:
• In type 2 resource allocations that are defined for the DCI format 1A, 1B, 1C, and
1D, PRBs are not directly allocated.
• Instead, VRBs are allocated, which are then mapped onto PRBs. A VRB is of the
same size as a PRB.
• There are two types of VRBs: VRBs of the localized type and VRBs of the
distributed type. For each type of VRB, a pair of VRBs over two slots in a subframe
are assigned together with a single VRB number , pVRB.
• VRBs o f the localized type are mapped directly to physical resource blocks such
that the VRB number pVRB corresponds to the PRB number pPRB = pVRB.
• For resource allocations of type 2, the resource assignment information indicates a
set of contiguousl y allocated localized VRBs or distributed VRBs.
 Downlink OFDMA Radio Resources: Supported
MIMO Modes
• For SU-MIMO, one or multiple data streams are transmitted to a single DE through space-time

processing;
• For MU-MIMO, modulation data streams are transmitted to different UEs using the same time-

frequency resource.

• The supported SU-MIMO modes are listed as follows:

1.Transmit diversity with space frequency block codes (SFBC)

2.Open-loop spatial multiplexing supporting four data streams

3. Closed-loop spatial multiplexing, with closed-loop preceding as a special case when

channel rank = 1

4. Conventional direction of arrival (DOA)-based beamforming

• The supported MIMO mode is restricted by the UE capability.

• The PDSCH physical channel supports all the MIMO modes, while other physical channels support

transmit diversity except PMCH, which only supports single-antenna—port transmission.

 Uplink SC-FDMA Radio Resources

• For the I.TE uplink transmission, SC-FDMA with a CP is adopted.

• Nevertheless, the uplink transmission has its own properties. Different from the
downlink, only localized resource allocation on consecutive subcarriers is allowed
in the uplink.
• Frame Structure:
• Frame structure type 1: Uplink radio frame consists of 20 slots of 0.5 ms each,
and one subframe consists of two slots, as in Figure 6.8.
• Frame structure type 2: It consists of ten subframes, with one or two special
subframes including DwPTS, GP, and UpPTS fields, as shown in Figure 6.9.
• A CP is inserted prior to each SC-FDMA symbol. Each slot carries seven SC-
FDMA symbols in the case of normal CP, and six SC-FDMA symbols in the case
of extended CP.
 Uplink SC-FDMA Radio Resources

• Physical Resource Blocks for SC-FDMA:

• Figure 6.12, illustrated a number of
resource blocks in the time-frequency
plane.
• The number of resource blocks in each
resource grid, NUL
RB

depends on the uplink transmission bandwidth

configured in
• NRBmin.UL < NRBUL < NRBmax.UL

Where NRBmin-UL = 6 and NRBmax-UL =110

correspond to the smallest and largest
Figure 6.12: The structure of the uplink
uplink bandwidth, respectively. resource grid.
 Uplink SC-FDMA Radio Resources
• There are NRB x NRB resource elements in each resource block. The
SC symb
values of NsymbUL for normal and extended CP are given in Table 6.6.

• There is only one subcarrier spacing supported in the uplink, which is Δf = 15

kHz.

• The DC subcarrier is used in the uplink, as the DC interference is spread over the
modulation symbols due to the DFT-based pre-coding.
 Uplink SC-FDMA Radio Resources
• for the downlink, each resource element in the resource grid is uniquely defined
• As

by
the index pair (k, l) a slot, where k = 0, ... , NRBUL X NSCRB— 1 and l =
0...........NSymbUL — 1 are the indices in the frequency and time domain, respectively.
• For the uplink, no antenna port is defined, as only single antenna transmission is
supported in the current specifications.
• A PRB in the uplink is defined as NsymbUL consecutive SC-FDMA symbols in the
time domain consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain, corresponding to one

slot in the time domain and 180 kHz in the frequency domain.

• The relation between the PRB number ling in the frequency domain and resource
elements (k, l) in a slot is given by:
 Uplink SC-FDMA Radio Resources:Resource Allocation

•Resource allocation in the uplink is performed at the eNode-B.

•The eNode-B assigns a unique time-frequency resource to a scheduled UE based

on the channel quality measured on the uplink sounding reference signals and the

scheduling requests sent from UEs.

•Using timing advance such that the transport blocks of different UEs are received
synchronously at the eNode-B.

•SC-FDMA is able to support both localized and distributed resource allocation.

• In the current specification, only localized resource allocation is supported in the

uplink, which preserves the single-carrier property and can better exploit the
multiuser diversity gain in the frequency domain.
•Compared to distributed resource allocation, localized resource allocation is less
sensitive to frequency offset and also requires fewer reference symbols.
•The resource assignment information for the uplink transmission is carried on the
PDCCH with DCI format 0, indicating a set of contiguously allocated resource
blocks.
 Uplink SC-FDMA Radio Supported MIMO Modes

•The terminal complexity and cost are the major concerns in MIMO modes support
in uplink.

•SC-FDMA support MU-MIMO, which allocates the same time and frequency
resource to two UEs with each transmitting on a single antenna. This is also called
Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA). The advantage is that only one transmit

• To
antenna perstreams
separate UE is required.
for different UEs, channel state information is required at the
eNode -B, which is obtained through uplink reference signals that are orthogonal
between UEs.
• Uplink MU -MIMO also requires power control, as the near -far problem arises
when multiple UEs are multiplexed on the same radio resource.
• For UEs with two or more transmit antennas, closed -loop adaptive antenna,
resource allocation transmit diversity shall be supported.
Thank You