QUALITATIVE AND

QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
WHAT IS QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH

• Qualitative research is a scientific method

of observation to gather non-numerical data.
It refers to the meanings, concepts,
characteristics, metaphors, symbols and
description of phenomena, and not to their
counts or measures.
NATURE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

• Qualitative research is a process of naturalistic inquiry that

seeks
in-depth understanding of social phenomena within their natural
setting. It relies on the direct experiences of human beings as
meaning-making agents in their everyday lives.
Qualitative Research seeks to answer the “why”, “in what ways”,
“what”, and “how” of phenomena, as opposed to the “to what
extent”, “is there a significant difference/relationship” and “how
many” of phenomena. Qualitative analysis calculates “meaning”,
while quantitative analysis calculates “mean”.
NATURE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

• Rather than by logical and statistical procedures,

Qualitative
research uses multiple systems of inquiry for the study of
human
phenomena such as biography, case study, historical
analysis,
discourse analysis, ethnography, grounded theory and
phenomenology.
Qualitative research promotes a deep, holistic
understanding of a
particular phenomenon.
HOWQUALITATIVERESEARCHCAME
INTOEXISTENCE

• Human beings have always attempted to

understand the world where they live. Before the 19th
century, questions about human existence were
answered from the Bible, the Church, and from Greek
philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle who believed
that the process of “knowing” was absolute,
systematic and logical.
•
It was during the late 18thcentury when the pursuit of
knowledge experienced a scientific crisis. Other philosophers
such as Immanuel Kant, William Dilthey, Edmund
Husserland, Maurice Merleau-Ponty believed that life
consists of what we experience in our activities and
reflections as we live out our personal histories and that we
live in a matrix of complex relationships with others.
HOW QUALITATIVE RESEARCH CAME
INTO EXISTENCE

• Therefore, humans cannot be studied as isolated

units but must be understood in the context of their
“lived world” or “cultural and social connections”. The
seminal work of these philosophers paved the way for
the birth of naturalistic or qualitative research.
In short, Qualitative Research has a long history in
sociology and has been used within it for as long as the
field has existed. This type of research has long appealed
to social scientists to investigate the meanings people
attribute to their behavior, actions, and interactions with
others
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH VS
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• Qualitative research is concerned
with in-depth understanding which is
purely described in words, phrases or
sentences.
Quantitative research is concerned
with measurement and numbers. It is
dependent on statistical tools and
numerical scales.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH VS
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

• Qualitative research is primary

exploratory research. Its used to gain
understanding of underlying reasons,
opinions, and motivations. It provides
insights into the problem or it helps to
develop ideas or hypotheses for
potential quantitative research.
Quantitative research is used to
quantify the problem using rating scale
and other research parameters. It is
used to quantify reasons, opinions and
motivations.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH VS
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

• Qualitative research uses

interviews, participant observation,
focus group discussions (FGD),
participatory rapid appraisal (PRA),
document analysis and content
analysis in gathering data.
Quantitative research employs
survey questionnaire, checklist, paper pencil test and
experimentation in
gathering data.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH VS
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative research is making
“kwento” out of a certain phenomenon.
Open-ended questions are used.
Pictures, words ,sentences,
paragraphs, compositions, narrations
and short stories are used in
qualitative research.

Quantitative research is doing
“kwenta” out of a certain phenomenon.
Closed-ended questions are employed.
Numbers, scales, hypotheses,
calculations, computations and
statistics are applied in quantitative
research.
• In discussing Research data, inductive method
is used if the researcher discusses first the
indicators that receive the lowest and highest
means before he explains the overall mean. If the
researcher starts his discussion from the overall
mean before going to the lowest and highest
means, deductive method is employed.
In what way is
qualitative research inductive?

Qualitative Research is inductive since the

researcher starts with the observations and the
new theory or insight is generated towards the
end of the research process. The researcher starts
from a scratch, a completely open mind without
any preconceived ideas of what will be found.

In Qualitative Research, the researcher

begins from gathering all the small or specific
details of the subject before he will give his
generalization towards the end of the research
process. This means that NO CONCLUSION will
be formulated. NEW INSIGHTS OR THEORIES
GAINED will be used instead of conclusions.
Why is Qualitative Research
Subjective?

• THE AIM OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IS TO

GENERATE A
NEW THEORY BASED ON THE GATHERED DATA.
Qualitative Research is primarily subjective as it seeks
to understand human behavior and reasons that govern
such behavior using the personal views of the researcher.
• Data analysis is influenced by the personal experiences
and opinions of the researcher. The researcher uses
open-ended questions in gathering data. There is no
CRITERIA used by the researcher in
discussing the data.
Why is Quantitative
Research Objective?
• Quantitative Research is objective as it only seeks precise
measurements and analysis of target concepts to answer
inquiries. The researcher employs standard criteria in
analyzing data. He doesn’t go beyond what is found in the
set research parameters. He employs closed-ended
research instrument in gathering data. Conclusion is
formulated towards the end of the research process
OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS
• OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS are defined as the free-form
survey questions that allow a participant to answer in
open-text format. In other words, responses to these
questions are not limited to a set of options.

• Guide questions for the interviews and focus group

discussions are examples of open-ended questions.
These questions elicit data needed by a qualitative
research
Examples of Open-Ended
Questions
• 1.What were your experiences during the consecutive
strikes of powerful earthquakes
in North Cotabato? How did you handle the trauma
caused by these earthquakes?
2.Was the support of the National and Local Government
enough for your basicneeds? Did they conduct stress
debriefing for those who were traumatized?
Closed-Ended Questions

• Examples of Closed-Ended Questions

1. Are you in favor of the implementation of Reserve Officers Training
Corps
(ROTC) program in senior high school students in both public and
private
schools nationwide?
5 Very Much in Favor 2 Not in Favor
4 Very in Favor 1 Very Much Not in Favor
3 Moderately in Favor
2.To what extent are you affected by the strikes of consecutive strong
earthquakes in South Cotabato?
4 Very Much Affected
3 Very Affected
2 Moderately Affected
1 Not Affected
NATURALISTIC INQUIRY.

• Qualitative research is naturalistic because it studies a

person or
group in his/its natural setting. Qualitative researcher
often collects
data in the field where participants experience the issues
or problems
under study
Characteristics of Qualitative
Research
• INDUCTIVE IQualitative research allows the researcher to
immerse in a
subject. The researcher starts with guide questions which
continuously
change depending on what he wants to know. After
gathering all the
needed data, he generalizes the new insights gained from
the
investigation.ANALYSIS
DYNAMIC SYSTEM.
• Qualitative research is not concerned with having
straightforward, right or wrong answers. In addition,
change in the
study is common because the researcher is not
concerned with finding
one answer only. In other words, qualitative researcher is
open to
change his research process as the research process
succeeds
UNIQUE CASE ORIENTATION.

• That every study is special and he must observe in-depth

attention to the subject matter.
CONTEXT SENSITIVITY.

• Qualitative researcher is sensitive to the cultures,

traditions
and beliefs of his subjects.
EMPATHIC NEUTRALITY.

• Ideally, qualitative researcher is non-judgmental when

compiling findings.
DESIGN FLEXIBILITY.

• Qualitative researcher can continue to do research on

other topics or questions that emerge from initial
research. He is
flexible to the research design applicable to the subject.
MULTIPLE METHODS.

• Qualitative researcher typically gathers multiple forms

of data, such as interviews, observations, and documents,
rather than
relying on a single data source. Then he reviews all the
data and make
sense of them, organizing them into categories or themes
that cut
across all of the data sources.
THEMATIC ANALYSIS.

• Qualitative researcher develops themes in reporting his

findings. His reports reflect multiple perspectives of the
participants in
the study. These multiples perspectives are categorized
into themes for
comprehensible analysis
Types and traditions of Qualitative Research
• Field Observation
• Focus Groups
• Intensive Interviews
• Case Studies
• Biographical Study
• Phenomenological Study
• Grounded Theory
Example Qualitative Title
• FLAMES AGAINST THE CLOCK: DECIPHERING THE
LINK BETWEEN FIRE RESPONSE TIME AND
PROPERTY LOSES IN GENERAL SANTOS CITY

• UNVEILING THE SECRET OF STRESS AND SURVIVAL:

A JOURNEY THROUGH THE DAILY STRUGGLES OF
RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES 3RD
YEAR CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS

• EXPLORING THE EXPERIENCES OF CRIMINOLOGY

STUDENT-MOTHERS IN RAISING THEIR CHILDREN
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
• Quantitative research is the process of collecting and
analyzing numerical data. It can be used to find patterns
and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships,
and generalize results to wider populations.
• Quantitative research is the opposite of
qualitative research, which involves collecting and
analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio).
• Quantitative research is widely used in the natural and
social sciences: biology, chemistry, psychology,
economics, sociology, marketing, etc.
Quantitative research methods

• In descriptive research, you simply seek an overall summary of your

study variables.
• In correlational research, you investigate relationships between your
study variables.
• In experimental research, you systematically examine whether there
is a cause-and-effect relationship between variables.

• Correlational and experimental research can both be used to

formally test hypotheses, or predictions, using statistics. The results
may be generalized to broader populations based on the
sampling method used.
• To collect quantitative data, you will often need to use operational
definitions that translate abstract concepts (e.g., mood) into
observable and quantifiable measures (e.g., self-ratings of feelings
and energy levels).
Quantitative data analysis
• Once data is collected, you may need to process it before it
can be analyzed. For example, survey and test data may
need to be transformed from words to numbers. Then, you
can use statistical analysis to answer your
research questions.
• Descriptive statistics will give you a summary of your
data and include measures of averages and variability. You
can also use graphs, scatter plots and frequency tables to
visualize your data and check for any trends or outliers.
• Using inferential statistics, you can make predictions or
generalizations based on your data. You can test your
hypothesis or use your sample data to estimate the
population parameter.
Advantages of quantitative research

• Quantitative research is often used to standardize

data collection and generalize findings.
Strengths of this approach include:
• Replication
• Repeating the study is possible because of standardized
data collection protocols and tangible definitions of
abstract concepts.
• Direct comparisons of results
• The study can be reproduced in other cultural settings,
times or with different groups of participants. Results can
be compared statistically.
• Large samples
• Data from large samples can be processed and analyzed using
reliable and consistent procedures through quantitative data
analysis.
• Hypothesis testing
• Using formalized and established hypothesis testing procedures
means that you have to carefully consider and report your research
variables, predictions, data collection and testing methods before
coming to a conclusion.
Quantitative
• LEVEL OF STRESS AND PERFORMANCE OF PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL POLICE:

• ASSESSING LAW ENFORCEMENT EFFECTIVENESS:

• A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON CRIME RATES
• IN GENERAL SANTOS CITY UNDER THE
• DUTERTE AND MARCOS JR.
• REGIMES

• WORK EFFICIENCY AND TECHNOLOGY USAGE OF POLICE

PERSONNEL IN CRIME PREVENTION IN GENERAL SANTOS
CITY
• Compliance with Republic Act 11917 of private security
personnel and Response of Authorities