BLOOD

BANKING
Presented by
Group 8
What Is Blood
Bank?
 A blood bank is a center where blood gathered as a result of blood
donation is stored and preserved for later use in blood transfusion.
 The term "blood bank" typically refers to a division of a hospital where the
storage of blood product occurs and where proper testing is performed (to
reduce the risk of transfusion related adverse events).
 However, it sometimes refers to a collection center, and some hospitals also
perform collection.
 Blood banking includes tasks related to

1. Blood Collection
2. Processing
3. Testing
4. Separation
5. Storage.
What is
blood
Red ?
color liquid that is throughout our
whole body.


 Blood is essential to life. Blood circulates

through our body and delivers essential
substances like oxygen and nutrients to the
body’s cells.
 It also transports metabolic waste
products away from those same cells.
 There is no substitute for blood. It cannot be
made or manufactured.
 Generous blood donors are the only source
of blood for patients in need of a blood
transfusion.
 BLOOD

COMPONENTS

There are four basic components that comprise human

blood:

1.Plasma

2.Red Blood Cells

3.White Blood Cells

4.Platelets.
1. Red blood cells
 These cells carry oxygen to the tissues in the body and are commonly used in
the treatment of anemia.
 Red blood cells represent 40%-45% of your blood volume.
 They are generated from your bone marrow at a rate of four to five billion per
hour.
 They have a lifecycle of about 120 days in the body.
2. Plasma
 Plasma is the liquid portion of your blood.
 Plasma is yellowish in color and is made up mostly of water, but it also contains
proteins, sugars, hormones and salts.
 It transports water and nutrients to your body’s tissues.
3. Platelets
 Platelets are an amazing part of your blood.
 Platelets are the smallest of our blood cells and literally look like small plates in
their non-active form.
 Platelets control bleeding.
 Wherever a wound occurs, the blood vessel will send out a signal.
 Platelets receive that signal and travel to the area and transform into their
“active” formation, growing long tentacles to make contact with the vessel and
form clusters to plug the wound until it heals.
 They help the blood to clot and are used in the treatment of leukemia and other
forms of cancer.
4. White blood cells
 These cells help to fight infection, and aid in the immune process.
 Although white blood cells (leukocytes) only account for about 1% of your
blood, they are very important.
 White blood cells are essential for good health and protection against illness
and disease.
 Like red blood cells, they are constantly being generated from your bone
marrow.
 They flow through the bloodstream and attack foreign bodies, like viruses and
bacteria.
 They can even leave the bloodstream to extend the fight into tissue.
 TYPES OF BLOOD
GROUP

O Rh- O Rh –
positive Negative
A Rh- A Rh-
positive negative
B Rh- B Rh-
positive negative
AB Rh- AB Rh-
positive negative
 Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian scientist discovered the ABO blood group system in the
year 1900.
 In his experiments, he mixed different blood types and noted that the plasma from
certain blood type produced agglutinates or formed clusters which were caused by
the absence of molecules on red blood cells and resulting in antibodies to defeat that
molecule.
 He then made a note of the agglutination and divided the blood types into 4 different
groups.
 For the discovery of ABO blood group, he was awarded the Nobel Prize.
 The blood grouping system is pivotal in blood transfusion.
 Our immune system recognizes another blood type as foreign and attacks it if
introduced in the body causing a transfusion reaction.
 Any inappropriate match with the Rh and ABO blood types, causes the most
serious and life- threatening transfusion reactions.
 Therefore, before blood transfusion, it is suggested to have a blood group
 Blood
group
system

ABO RH blood
Blood group
group system
system
1. ABO blood Group system
 The basis of ABO grouping is of two antigens- Antigen A and Antigen B.
 The ABO grouping system is classified into four types based on the presence or absence
of antigens on the red blood cells surface and plasma antibodies.
1. Group A – contains antigen A and antibody B.
2. Group B –contains antigen B and antibody A.
3. Group AB –contains both A and B antigen and no antibodies (neither A nor B).
4. Group O – contains neither A nor B antigen and both antibodies A and B.
 The ABO group system is important during blood donation or blood transfusion as
mismatching of blood group can lead to clumping of red blood cells with various
disorders.
 It is important for the blood cells to match while transfusing i.e. donor-recipient
compatibility is necessary.
 For example, a person of blood group A can receive blood either from group A or
O as there are no antibodies for A and O in blood group A.
2. Rh Blood Group System
 In addition to the ABO blood grouping system, the other prominent one is the
Rh blood group system. About two-thirds of the population contains the third
antigen on the surface of their red blood cells known as Rh factor or Rh
antigen;
 This decides whether the blood group is positive or negative.
 If the Rh factor is present, an individual is rhesus positive (Rh+ve); if an Rh
factor is absent individual is rhesus negative (Rh-ve) as they produce Rh
antibodies.
 Therefore, compatibility between donor and individual is crucial in this case
as well.
 FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
BANKING

 Blood donor
selection

 Donor pre
counselling

 Donor Blood
collection

 Donor post
counselling

 Blood tests

 Blood storage
BLOOD
DONOR
SELECTIO
N
 BLOOD DONOR SELECTION
The purpose of donor selection is to assess the suitability of an individual to be a
blood donor so that blood donation is safe for the donor and the blood products
derived from this donation are safe for the recipients. The donor selection process
should be carried out in accordance with written standard operating procedures.

1. WELL BEING
The Donor shall be in good health, mentally alert and physically fit and shall not be
inmates of jail or any other confinement
2.
AGE
• Minimum age 18
• years Maximum
• age 65 years
• First time donor shall not be above 60
• years of age For Repeat donor upper
3. limit is 65 years
WEIGHT
For aphaeresis
• 350 ml – 45 kg donors 18-60 years
• 350 ml – 45 kg
• Apheresis –
50 kg
4. DONATION INTERVAL
• For whole blood donation, once in three months (90 days) for males and four
months (120 days) for females
5. BLOOD PRESSURE
100-140mm Hg systolic 60-90mm Hg diastolic with or without medications
6. PULSE
60-100 beats per minute
7.TEMPERATURE
Afebrile;
37°C/98.4°F
8.HAEMOGLOBI
N
It should be
above 12.5g/Dl
9.MEAL
The donor shall not be fasting before the blood donation or observing fast during
the period of blood donation and last meal should have been taken at least 4 hours
prior to donation
10.ALCOHOL
11.PREGNANCY AND RECENT
DELIVERY Defer for 12 months
after delivery
12.ABORTION
Defer for 6 months after abortion
13.BREAST FEEDING
Defer for total period of lactation
14.MENSTURATION
Defer for the period of
menstruation
15.NON SPECIFIC ILLNESS
16.SURGERY
17.RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
18.CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
 DONOR
PRE
COUNSELL
ING
 Explain about donation process and benefits of
blood donation.
 Ensure volunteer blood donation
 Encourage HIV test
 Develop safe donor pool.
DONOR
BLOOD
COLLECTI
ON
 DONOR BLOOD COLLECTION -
PROCESS
 Blood donation is carried out under the supervision of trained, skilled technicians.
 The entire procedure, from start to finish, does not take more than 45 minutes.
 The blood is usually drawn from the median cubital vein, from the inside of the
elbow.
 An antiseptic such as iodine is ued to clean the skin above this vein.
 This helps to prevent bacterial infection at the site of puncture and also helps to
prevent the blood drawn from being infected.
 A tourniquet may be used to elevate the blood pressure in the veins of the arm.
 This helps to ease and speed up the process.
 Sometimes the donor is given an object to squeeze repeatedly in order to increase
blood flow to the targeted vein.
 Invariably a needle with a larger guage is used inorder to minimise the shearing
forces that can cause damage to the RBCs.
 DONOR
POST
COUNSELL
ING
 Tell about donor blood details (test
results )
 Explain about healthy lifestyle.
 Explain about to take nutrition.
 Encourage HIV test.
 Encourage AIDS test
BLOOD
TESTS
 BLOOD TESTS
All donations must be tested for the following infectious diseases and found to
be:Negative for antibodies to
• human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV-1/2),
• hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV),
• human T-lymphotropic virus (anti-HTLV-I/II),
• and hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), and
• Trypanosoma cruzi either on the current donation or at least one previous donation.
• Nonreactive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).Nonreactive when tested using
licensed nucleic acid tests (NAT) for:
• hepatitis B virus (HBV) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),
• HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA),
• HIV-1 (RNA),
• West Nile virus (WNV) RNA, and
• Zika virus (RNA),
DONOR
BLOOD
STORAGE
 BLOOD STORAGE
Donated blood was stored in 5 different ways

1. Whole blood
2. Packed RBC
3. Fresh frozen plasma
4. Platelet rich plasma
5. Cryoprecipitate
 WHOLE BLOOD
 Blood is collecged into CPDA-1 anticoagulant
containing bags.
 350 ml blood collected
 73 ml of anticoagulant in collection bag.
 Anticoagulant CPD – Citrate Phosphate Dextrose
 Stored at 26*C
 Shelf life -21 Days.
PACKED RBC
 Red cells with 1/3 of the original plasma.
 45g of hemoglobin per unit.
 250 ml blood stored.
 It contains mostly rbc,wbc and less amount of
plasma.
 Stored at 2 to 6* c.
 Shelf life -21 to 35 days.
 FRESH FROZEN PLASMA
 Plasma removed from rbc within 6 to 8 hours of collection is rapidly frozen
to below 30*C.
 Before transfusion is necessary to thaw at 37*C.
 Dose – 10 to 12 ml be weight.
 Stored at < -30* C
 Shelf life – 12 months.
PLATELET RICH PLASMA
 GENTLE centrifugation of whole blood
 Supernatant transferred to the 2nd bag
 Volume – 300 ml
 Stored at 20 to 40 *C
 Shelf life – 5 dyas
 CRYOPRECIPIT
 Volume – 15 ml ATE

 Stored at <25*C
 Shelf life – up to 1
year.
 BLOOD
TRANSFUSI
ON
 A blood transfusion provides blood or blood components if you’ve lost blood due to
an injury, during surgery or have certain medical conditions that affect blood or its
components.
 The blood typically comes from donors. Blood banks and healthcare providers ensure
transfusions are a safe, low risk treatment.
 A blood transfusion is a common procedure in which donated blood or blood
components are given to you through an intravenous line (IV).
 A blood transfusion is given to replace blood and blood components that may be too
low.
 A blood transfusion can save your life.
 You may need a blood transfusion if you've lost blood from an injury or during
surgery, or if you have certain medical conditions including:
• Anemia
• Certain cancers
• Hemophilia
How does a blood transfusion work?
 The donated blood or blood components are stored in special medical bags until they
are needed.
 Your healthcare provider connects the needed bag of blood to an intravenous line
made of tubing.
 A needle at the end of the tubing is inserted into one of your veins and the blood or
blood components begins to be delivered into your circulatory system.
What can I expect during the
transfusion? Before your
transfusion, your nurse will:
• Check your blood pressure,
pulse and temperature.
• Make sure the donor blood type
is a match for your blood type.
•Make sure that the supplied blood is the product ordered by your doctor and is labeled
with your name. During your transfusion, your nurse will:
How long does a blood transfusion take?
 How long a blood transfusion takes depends on many factors, including how much
blood and/or blood component you need.
 Most transfusions take between one and three hours.
 Talk to your healthcare provider for more specifics about your needs.

What kind of reactions can happen from a blood transfusion?

People can react in various ways to blood transfusions. Reactions people experience
may include:
• Breathing troubles.
• Fevers, chills or rashes.
• Hemolytic transfusion reaction (your immune system tries to destroy transfused red
blood cells).
What are the benefits of a blood transfusion?
Blood is important. If you don’t have enough blood or one of the components of
blood, you could face a life-threatening situation.
Blood and the components of blood benefit the body in these ways:
1. Red blood cells carry oxygen through your body to your heart and brain.
Adequate oxygen is very important to maintain life.
2. Platelets help to prevent or control bleeding due to low platelet count.
3. Plasma and cryoprecipitate also help to prevent or control bleeding.