21 ST

CENTURY
Q2 WEEK 6
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Identify authors from African, Latin American

and North American Literature; and
2. Explain the literary elements the speaker uses
to enhance understanding of the text; and
3. Uses critical thinking to accomplish tasks given.
 Literary Genres, Traditions,
and Forms Across the World
Let’s define – Literary Genre
 Literarygenre is a category of writing that groups works
by their similar content, style, and form. The word "genre"
comes from the French word for "kind" or "style".
A literary genre is a category that authors use to describe the
primary content and tone of their writing. The genre an author
chooses can help them determine what type of plot,
characters and setting to create. Literary genres typically
describe writing styles such as poetry, essays, novels, short
stories and plays
 Some examples of literary genres
• include:
Drama: Works intended for the theater
• Prose: Ordinary writing as opposed to verse (ex "I walked
about all alone
over the hillsides,“)
• Satire: Uses humor to ridicule human vices and failings
• Fiction: Can be mimetic or speculative, and is usually
plot-based
• Nonfiction: A genre for those interested in learning about
the world or
sharing their knowledge
 Let’s define – Literary Traditions
 Literary tradition refers to the study, writing, and
appreciation of literature, as well as the customs and beliefs
that have been passed down over time. It can also refer to the
process of passing down texts and other information from one
generation to the next
 “Inone sense, literary tradition simply means such an
accumulative process of handing down texts for future
generations. In another sense, however, tradition often
involves a selective process whereby the most important
(most 'valuable') works are singled out as the ones that each
generation should know.
 Traditional
literature is a genre of literature that has been
passed down through generations, both orally and in written
 Literary traditions can include:
• Thematic and structural elements in literature
• The selective preservation of some elements while
rejecting others
• The maintenance or rejection of customs
Some examples of literary
traditions include:
 Travel accounts
 The male literary tradition
 The arts
 Poetry and song and
 Broadcasting and theater.
 Let’s define – Literary Forms
 Literary form refers to the structure, purpose, and shape
of a piece of writing. It's like the building blocks of a text,
and each form has a set structure that helps readers
classify it.
 Literaryforms are different from genres, which are the
specific styles or categories of writing. Genres are like the
branches of a literary family tree, while literary forms are
like the roots.
 Literary forms shape the meaning and purpose of the
text.
 Literary form is how a text is structured and its general
 Some examples of literary forms
• include:
Novel: A prose narrative that's usually between 60,000
and 200,000
words long
•Short story: A prose narrative that's too short to be
published as a
novel
• Sonnet or haiku: A form defined by the number of
lines
• Screenplay or play: A form with an emphasis on
dialogue and stage
directions
• Free verse: A popular contemporary form of poetry
Activity 1 Instructions: Accomplish the mind
map by writing what you know
about the author.
Irish poet

A professor of Was born in

English at Eavan Dublin Ireland in
Standford 1944
University
Boland

One of the Ireland

preeminent Died at the age of
contemporary poets 75
Activity 2: In column B, write a quick explanation
of the terms found in column A.

Literary elements/Genra Explanation/Discription

1. Figures of Speech
2. Theme
3. Point of View
4. Drama
5. Short Story
6. Poetry
 Answers may vary

Literary Explanation/Discription
elements/Genra
1. Figures of Speech alliteration, anaphora, antimetabole, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance,
hyperbole, irony, metonymy, onomatopoeia, paradox, personification,
pun, simile, synecdoche, and understatement
2. Theme the subject of a talk, a piece of writing, a person's thoughts, or an
exhibition; a topic
3. Point of View the writer's way of deciding who is telling the story to whom
4. Drama a play for theater, radio, or television
5. Short Story brief fictional prose narrative that is shorter than a novel and that
usually deals with only a few characters
6. Poetry literary work in which special intensity is given to the expression of
feelings and ideas by the use of distinctive style and rhythm; poems
collectively or as a genre of literature
Living the Moment

Advancement in Technology has always been

the hallmark of the 21st century. It has made
a big impact on people especially on lifestyle.
One of the many things technology has
benefited us is through having information
and communication easier and convenient.
Europe and European Literature

 European literature refers to the literature of

Europe. It includes literature in many languages;
among the most important of the modern written
works are those in English, Spanish, French, Dutch,
Polish, German, Italian, Modern Greek, Czech and
Russian and works by the Scandinavians and Irish.
Important classical and medieval traditions are
those in Ancient Greek, Latin, Old Norse, Medieval
French and the Italian Tuscan dialect of the
renaissance.
 Europe and European Literature
 European literature, also known as Western literature,
and can also be defined as the literature written in the
context of Western culture in the languages of Europe, as
several geographically or historically related languages.
Diverse as they are, European literatures, like Indo-
European languages, are parts of a common heritage
belonging to a race of proud nations which boast the likes
of Homer who wrote Iliad and Odyssey, Virgil who wrote
the Aeneid, Dante who wrote Divine Comedy, Chaucer
who wrote Canterbury Tales. These, and other literary
masterpieces form part of what we call as Western Canon.
Instructions: Read the poem from Ireland and
be able to answer questions for in-depth
understanding.
Atlantis—A Lost Sonnet
Eavan Boland/ Ireland

How on earth did it happen, I used to wonder

that a whole city—arches, pillars, colonnades,
not to mention vehicles and animals—had all
one fine day gone under?
 I mean, I said to myself, the world was small then.
Surely a great city must have been missed?
I miss our old city —
white pepper, white pudding, you and I meeting
under fanlights and low skies to go home in it. Maybe
what really happened is
this: the old fable-makers searched hard for a word
to convey that what is gone is gone forever and
never found it. And so, in the best traditions of
where we come from, they gave their sorrow a name
and drowned it.
 Poem Analysis

In the first stanza, the narrator begins the poem

by asking herself how an entire city could just
disappear. How could an entire city, animals,
cars, and buildings, just melt into the ocean--
never to be seen again?
 Poem Analysis

In the second stanza, the narrator again, asks

how a whole city could suddenly disappear. She
reminded herself that way back when, the world
seemed "smaller", so surely a huge city
disappearing would be a big deal! The narrator
then flashes back to her old city where she grew
up.
 Poem Analysis

In the third stanza, the speaker thinks back to

her hometown, with the amazing food and
boardwalks, and having friends to go home to.
Then the narrator makes a guess about really
happened to Atlantis.
 Poem Analysis

In the fourth stanza, the narrator tells herself

that it would be impossible for an entire city to
be lost. Then she guesses that maybe, Atlantis
is just a symbol that people made up to describe
the feeling of losing something, and never
getting it back.

In the fifth and final stanza, the narrator

convinces herself that Atlantis is just a
metaphor, used to give emotions a name and a
 About the Poet
 Eavan Boland was born in Dublin, Ireland, in
1944. She is one of Ireland’ preeminent
contemporary poets and the author of A Poet’s
Dublin and A Women Without a Country,
among others. Boland is currently working as a
professor of English at Stanford University,
where she directs the creative writing program.
EAVAN BOLAND
 She lives in California with her husband, the
author Kevin Casey, and their two daughters. In
"Atlantis: A Lost Sonnet," Eavan Boland uses
literary devices to illustrate and express her
ideas.
Here, let us define and identify the different
21st literary genres we enjoy today.
 Diary- It is a collection of discrete accounts of a person’s
experiences and thoughts each day.
 Drama – It is a literary work that tells a story through actions
and dialogues.
 Comedy- A type of drama that makes the audience laugh.
 Fiction- It is a literature that describes imaginary events and
people.
 Blog- This refers to your regular thoughts, opinions, or
experiences that you put on the internet for the people to
read
 Literary devices are techniques a writer uses
to produce a special effect in their writing.
 Examples are:
 Simile- It is a figure of speech comparing two unlike things that is often introduced by
like or as.
 Metaphor- is a figure of speech in which ideas, actions, or objects are described in
non-literal terms. In short, it’s when an author compares one thing to another. The two
things being described usually share something in common but are unalike in all other
respects.
 Symbolism- refers to the use of an object, figure, event, situation, or other idea in a
written work to represent something else—typically a broader message or deeper
meaning that differs from its literal meaning. The things used for symbolism are called
"symbols," and they’ll often appear multiple times throughout a text, sometimes
changing in meaning as the plot progresses.
 Hyperbole- is an exaggerated statement that's not meant to be taken literally by the
reader. It is often used for comedic effect and/or emphasis Imagery- is a figure of
speech where an author describes a scene, thing, or idea so that it appeals to our
senses (taste, smell, sight, touch, or hearing). This device is often used to help the
Let’s play

Identify if it is:
 METAPHOR
 HYPERBOLE
 SIMILE
 SYMBOLISM
I'm so hungry, I could eat a
horse.

HYPERBOLE
Time is a thief.

METHAPHOR
Eyes are the windows to the soul.

METAPHOR
My brother is as mad as a hatter.

SIMILE
Black is often used to represent
death or evil.

SYMBOLISM
As difficult as nailing jelly to a
tree

SIMILE
Hope is on the horizon

METAPHOR
I have a million things to do today

HYPERBOLE
Blue can represent peacefulness
and calm

SYMBOLISM
Her lovely voice was music to his
ears.

METAPHOR
English Literature

 Englishliterature is one of the richest, most

developed, and most important bodies of literature in
the world. It encompasses both written and spoken
works by writers from the United Kingdom.
Old English Literature (600 - 1100)

 OldEnglish, the earliest form of the English language, was

spoken by the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic tribe living in Britain
during the fifth century. One significant work written in Old
English is Beowulf, the longest epic poem in Old English. It is
known for its use of kennings, which are phrases or compound
words used to name persons, places, and things indirectly.
Middle English Literature (1100 -
1500)
Middle English is a blend Old English and Norman
French, the French dialect spoken by the Normans
(people of Normandy). The Canterbury Tales by
Geoffrey Chaucer, the father of English literature, is a
fine example of literature written in Middle English.
Elizabethan Literature (1558 - 1603)

The Elizabethan period is the golden age of English

literature. Also, it is the golden age of drama. Known as
the “Bard of Avon,” William Shakespeare wrote his plays
during the period. His best plays include Hamlet, King
Lear, Macbeth, Othello, and The Merchant of Venice.
Also, he wrote 154 sonnets, many of which are the best
loved and the most widely-read poems in the English
literature.
The Romantic Period (1800 - 1837)

This period is the golden age of lyric poetry. Poetry

became the expression of the poet’s personal feelings and
emotions. A few notable works of poetry of the period
are Songs of Innocence and of Experience by William
Blake, Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Eve of St. Agnes, and
Other Poems by John Keats, “Don Juan” by Lord Byron,
and “Ode to the West Wind” by Percy Bysshe Shelley.
 The Victorian Period (1837 - 1900)

 The period saw the rise of the novel. Charles Dickens, considered to be the
greatest English novelist of the 19th century, wrote Great Expectations. This
novel was published as a serial in a weekly periodical from December 1860 to
August 1861.
 Alfred Lord Tennyson and Robert Browning each wrote fine poetry during the
period. Tennyson’s In Memoriam A.H.H. is a requiem for his friend Arthur
Henry Hallam. It is widely considered to be one of the great poems of the 19th
century. Browning, who is known for his dramatic monologues, wrote the
famous poem “My Last Duchess.” In a dramatic monologue, the poet addresses
an audience through an assumed voice.
 Oscar Wilde is the best dramatist of the period. He wrote the masterpiece The
Importance of Being Earnest.
American Literature

 American literature refers to all works of literature in

English produced in the United States.
The 19th Century
 William Cullen Bryant (1794 - 1878) became famous for “Thanatopsis” (1817). This poem marked a new
beginning for American poetry.
  Washington Irving (1783 - 1859) was known for “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,”
the first American short stories. They were part of his work The Sketch Book, the first American work to
become successful internationally.
  Edgar Allan Poe (1809 - 1849) became famous for his macabre stories like “The Fall of the House of
Usher” (1839) and “The Cask of Amontillado” (1846). Also, he wrote “The Murders in the Rue Morgue”
(1841), the first detective story, and the poem “Raven” (1845), with which he achieved instant fame.
 The 20th Century
 Robert Frost (1874 - 1963) wrote poems with traditional stanzas and a blank verse, a verse in iambic
pentameter with no rhyme. His poems portray ordinary people in everyday situations like “Mending Wall,”
"The Road Not Taken," and “After Apple-Picking,” both of which were published in 1914.
  E. E. cummings (1894 - 1962) was known for his unconventional punctuation and phrasing. His poems
were compiled in Complete Poems (1968).
  Ezra Pound (1885 - 1972) was a leader of the Imagists, who emphasized the use of direct and sparse
language and precise images in writing poetry. Two of his works are Ripostes (1912) and Lustra (1916).
Summary

 American literature is a rich body of literature. It

refers to all works of literature in English published in
the United States, which has produced many great
writers through the centuries.
European Literature

 European Literature, also called Western Literature,

refers to literature in the Indo-European languages
including Latin, Greek, the Romance languages, and
Russian. It is considered as the largest body of
literature in the world.
Latin Literature

 Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 BCE–43 BCE) was the greatest

Roman orator. The first part of the Golden Age of Latin
Literature (70 BC–AD 18) is named after him, the Ciceronian
period (70–43 BC). Using Latin as a literary medium, he was
able to express abstract and complicated thoughts clearly in his
speeches. One of his well-known speeches is Pro Cluentio.
  Virgil (70 BCE–19 BCE), the greatest Roman poet, was known
for Aeneid, an epic poem. He wrote it during the Augustan Age
(43 BC–AD 18), the second part of the Golden Age
Greek Literature

 Homer is known for the The Iliad and the The

Odyssey. These epics are about the heroic
achievements of Achilles and Odysseus, respectively.
  Sophocles (496 BC–406 BC) was a tragic playwright.
He was known for Oedipus the King, which marks the
highest level of achievement of Greek drama.
Italian Literature

 Francesco Petrarca, or Petrarch (1304–1374)

perfected the Italian sonnet, a major influence on
European poetry. Written in the vernacular, his
sonnets were published in the Canzoniere.
  Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375) is known for
Decameron, a classic Italian masterpiece. The stories
were written in the vernacular.
Spanish Literature
 Two well-known Spanish writers of Siglo De Oro (1500–1681) are
Miguel de Cervantes (1547–1616) and Lope de Vega (1562–1635).
  Miguel de Cervantes was known for his novel Don Quixote, one
of the most widely read works of Western Literature. Its titular
character’s name is the origin of the word “quixotic,” meaning
hopeful or romantic in a way that is not practical.
  Lope de Vega, an outstanding dramatist, wrote as many as 1800
plays during his lifetime, including cloak and sword drama, which
are plays of upper middle class manners and intrigue.
French Literature

 Gustave Flaubert (1821–1880), a novelist, was a major

influence on the realist school. His masterpiece, Madame
Bovary (1857), marked the beginning of a new age of realism.
  Guy de Maupassant (1850–1893) is considered as the
greatest French short story writer. A Naturalist, he wrote
objective stories which present a real “slice of life.”
Russian Literature

 Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910) is known for his novels War and Peace
(1865–1869) and Anna Karenina (1875–1877). A master of
realistic fiction, he is considered as one of the world’s greatest
novelists.
  Anton Chekhov (1860–1904) is a master of the modern short
story and a Russian playwright. His works such as, "The Bet" and
"The Misfortune" reveal his clinical approach to ordinary life.
 ASSESSMENT
1. It is a figure of speech in which ideas, actions, or objects are described in non-literal
terms.
A. Imagery B. Hyperbole C. Metaphor D. Symbolism
2. It refers to the use of an object, figure, event, situation, or other idea in a written work
to represent something else—typically a broader message or deeper meaning that differs
from its literal meaning.
A. Metaphor B. Imagery C. Symbolism D. Hyperbole
3. It is an exaggerated statement that's not meant to be taken literally by the reader.
A. Simile B. Hyperbole C. Metaphor D. Imagery
4. What is personification?
A. A word that mimics a sound B. Repetition of consonant sounds
C. Using symbols to represent something D. Giving human-like traits to non-living
objects.
5. A segment of a poem that is divided into groups of
lines.
A. Lines B. Stanza C. Symbolism D.
Meter
6. It refers to a collection of discrete accounts of a
person’s experiences and thoughts each day.
A. Drama B. Poetry C. Blog D. Diary
7. This refers to your regular thoughts, opinions, or
experiences that you put on the internet for the
people to read.
A. Comedy B. Diary C. Fiction D. Blog
8. It is a literary work that tells a story through actions
and dialogues.
A. Drama B. Fiction C. Diary D.
Epic
9. It is a literature that describes imaginary events and
people.
A. Blog B. Diary C. Fiction D. Comedy
10. A type of drama that makes the audience laugh.
A. Blog B. Comedy C. Diary D. Fiction