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DEFINITION OF COMPUTER
• Computer is any electronic device that
can receive a command or instruction, work on the command or instruction being given and in turn produce a meaningful answer. • Compaq, • Vectra, • Dell, • Packard Bell, • Apple • And I B M etc Personal Computer • They are the smallest type of computers in terms of memory and speed as compared to minicomputer, mainframe and super computers. This is because they are found in almost all offices and homes that make use of computers. They are usually called Personal Computers, with the acronym PCs. Some examples of personal computers are Part of Personal Computer
Keyboard Mouse Monitor
Uninterruptible Power Supply
System Unit Power Cord UPS • Monitor - It device that displaying information • Keyboard – It device that enable us to type our information. Mouse – The mouse is the primary device for navigating and interacting with the System System Unit - The system unit is the most important part of the computer SYSTEM UNIT • The system unit is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data. On desktop personal computer, most storage devices also are part of the system unit. On notebook computer, the keyboard and pointing device often occupy the area on top of the system unit, and the display attaches to the system unit by hinges. On mobile computers, the display often is built into the system unit. MOTHERBOARD CPU Memory • Static Memory, • Microprocessor Socket Microprocessor Socket Expansion Slots Floppy Drive Floppy Drive Connector Hard Drive Hard Drive Connector CD-ROM Drive CD-ROM Drive Connector Resistors • Capacitors, Transistors Expansion Cards Ports CMOS Battery Buses Microprocessor Zinc Dip Switch Power Supply Jumper Jumper Cup Daughter card or Main Card Fan Daisy Chain,( I.D.E. Cable, SCSI Cable,) Light Emitting Diode On and Off Switch Button Audio Cable Integrated Circuit (IC) Motherboard • It is the main circuit board that control the internal and external components of the system unit • PART OF THE MOTHERBOARD How Motherboards Work • A motherboard by itself is useless, but a computer has to have one to operate. • The motherboard's main job is to hold the microprocessor chip and let everything else connect to it through the buses. Everything that runs the computer or enhances its performance is either part of the motherboard or plugs into it via a slot or port. TYPE OF MOTHERBOARD
ATX MOTHERBOARD AT MOTHERBOARD
CPU • The CPU is the brain of a computer where all activities take place. • The Microprocessor is responsible for controlling data flow and executing program instructions. It can add, subtract, multiply, divide and also compare numbers and characters How Microprocessors Work • A microprocessor -- is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. The 4004 was not very powerful -- all it could do was add and subtract, and it could only do that 4 bits at a time. • But it was amazing that everything was on one chip. Prior to the 4004, engineers built computers either from collections of chips or from discrete components ( transistors wired one at a time). The 4004 powered one of the first portable electronic calculators. • The first microprocessor to make it into a home computer was the Intel 8080, a complete 8-bit computer on one chip, introduced in 1974. The first microprocessor to make a real splash in the market was the Intel 8088, introduced in 1979 and incorporated into the IBM PC (which first appeared around 1982). • If you are familiar with the PC market and its history, you know that the PC market moved from the 8088 to the 80286 to the 80386 to the 80486 to the Pentium to the Pentium II to the Pentium III to the Pentium 4. All of these microprocessors are made by Intel and all of them are improvements on the basic design of the 8088. The Pentium 4 can execute any piece of code that ran on the original 8088, but it does it about 5,000 times faster! Microprocessor Progression Name Date Transistors Microns Clock speed Data width MIPS
32 bits Pentium 4 "" 2004 125,000,000 0.09 3.6 GHz 7,000 64-bit bus • The date is the year that the processor was first introduced. • Transistors are the number of transistors on the chip. • Microns are the width, in microns, of the smallest wire on the chip. • Clock speed is the maximum rate that the chip can be clocked at. • Data Width is the width of the ALU • MIPS stand for "millions of instructions per second" and is a rough measure of the performance of a CPU MEMORY • It is a device that stores data in a computer, all data consist of numbers. Computer stores a number into a specific location in memory and later fetches the value. Most memories represent data with the binary number system. In the binary number system, numbers are represented by sequences of the two binary digits 0 and 1, which are called bits. In a computer, the two possible values of a bit correspond to the on and off states of the computer's electronic circuitry. MEMORY TYPES • In order to enable computers to work faster, there are several types of memory available. Because the types of memory relate to speed, it is important to understand the differences when comparing the components of a computer • SIMM (Single In-line Memory Modules)
Is used to store a single row of DRAM, EDO or
BEDO chips where the module is soldered onto a PCB. One SIMM can contain several chips. DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Modules)
DIMMs allow the ability to have
two rows of DRAM, EDO or BEDO chips. They are able to contain twice as much memory on the same size circuit board. DIMMs contain 168 pins and transfer data in 64 bit chunks. EDO (Extended Data Out)
• Newer than DRAM (1995)
and requires only one CPU wait state. You can gain a 10 to 15% improvement in performance with EDO memory. BEDO (Burst Extended Data Out)
A step up from the EDO
chips. It requires zero wait states and provides at least another 13 percent increase in performance. SRAM (Static RAM) Introduced in late 1996, retains memory and does not require refreshing. It synchronizes itself with the timing of the CPU. It also takes advantage of interleaving and burst mode functions. SDRAM is faster and more expensive than DRAM. It comes in speeds of 66, 100, 133, 200, and 266MHz • SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) Almost all systems used ship with 3.3 volt, 168-pin SDRAM DIMMs. SDRAM is not an extension of older EDO DRAM but a new type of DRAM altogether. SDRAM started out running at 66 MHz, while older fast page mode DRAM and EDO max out at 50 MHz. SDRAM is able to scale to 133 MHz (PC133) officially, and unofficially up to 180MHz or higher. As processors get faster, new generations of memory such as DDR and RDRAM are required to get proper performance. • DDR (Double Data Rate SDRAM) DDR basically doubles the rate of data transfer of standard SDRAM by transferring data on the up and down tick of a clock cycle. DDR memory operating at 333MHz actually operates at 166MHz * 2 (PC333 / PC2700) or 133MHz*2 (PC266 / PC2100). DDR is a 2.5 volt technology that uses 184 pins in its DIMMs. It is incompatible with SDRAM physically, but uses a similar parallel bus, making it easier to implement than RDRAM, which is a different technology. • Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) Despite it's higher price, Intel has given RDRAM it's blessing for the consumer market, and it will be the sole choice of memory for Intel's Pentium 4. RDRAM is a serial memory technology that arrived in three flavors, PC600, PC700, and PC800. PC800 RDRAM has double the maximum throughput of old PC100 SDRAM, but a higher latency. RDRAM designs with multiple channels, such as those in Pentium 4 motherboards, are currently at the top of the heap in memory throughput, especially when paired with PC1066 RDRAM memory. COMPUTER SOCKETS • Computer sockets are the built-in interfaces on motherboards that accept various hardware components. When compatible devices are plugged into computer sockets, they communicate with the system to provide functionality. Dial- up modems, graphics cards and sound cards are just some examples. CHIPSET SOCKET • A chipset socket is where a computer’s central processing unit (CPU) chip is installed. This socket is located in the computer’s motherboard, which contains all of the circuits directly related to the central processor. Chipset sockets used to be soldered to the motherboard, but now use a more user-friendly lever-release, making it easier to swap out chips. The sockets typically are named after the number of pins they contain, for example Socket 775 has 775 pins — meaning it has 775 contact points on the CPU Expansion Slot • An opening in a computer where a circuit board can be inserted to add new capabilities to the computer. Nearly all personal computers except portables contain expansion slots for adding more memory, graphics capabilities, and support for special devices. • The boards inserted into the expansion slots are called expansion boards, expansion cards , cards , add-ins , and add-ons. Expansion slots for PCs come in two basic sizes: half- and full-size. Half- size slots are also called 8-bit slots because they can transfer 8 bits at a time. Full-size slots are sometimes called 16-bit slots. In addition, modern PCs include PCI slots for expansion boards that connect directly to the PCI bus EXPANSION CARD • An expansion card is an electronic circuit board that adds more functionality to a desktop computer. Expansion cards are installed into the expansion slot of a computer motherboard. They enhance the computer’s ability to perform additional functions. THE TYPES OF EXPANSION CARDS AND ITS FUNCTIONS • Graphics cards • Sound cards • Network cards • TV tuner cards • Video processing expansion cards • Modems • Host adapters • POST cards • Compatibility card • Disk controller cards • Interface adapter cards, • Hard disk cards • Security device cards • Radio tuner cards DISK DRIVE • Flat piece of flexible plastic (floppy disk) or inflexible metal (hard disk) coated with a magnetic material that can be electrically influenced to hold information recorded in digital (binary) form. A disk is, in most computers, the primary means of storing data on a permanent or semi permanent basis. Because the magnetic coating of the disk must be protected from damage or contamination, a floppy (5.25-inch) disk or microfloppy (3.5-inch) disk is encased in a protective plastic jacket. FLOPPY DISK • A soft magnetic disk. It is called floppy because it flops if you wave it (at least, the 5¼-inch variety does). Unlike most hard disks, floppy disks (often called floppies or diskettes) are portable, because you can remove them from a disk drive. Disk drives for floppy disks are called floppy drives. Floppy disks are slower to access than hard disks and have less storage capacity, but they are much less expensive. Floppies come in three basic sizes: • · 8-inch: The first floppy disk design, invented by IBM in the late 1960s and used in the early 1970s as first a read-only format and then as a read-write format. The typical desktop/laptop computer does not use the 8-inch floppy disk. • · 5¼-inch: The common size for PCs made before 1987 and the predecessor to the 8-inch floppy disk. This type of floppy is generally capable of storing between 100K and 1.2MB ( megabytes) of data. The most common sizes are 360K and 1.2MB. • · 3½-inch: Floppy is something of a misnomer for these disks, as they are encased in a rigid envelope. Despite their small size, microfloppies have a larger storage capacity than their cousins -- from 400K to 1.4MB of data. The most common sizes for PCs are 720K (double-density) and 1.44MB ( high-density). Macintoshes support disks of 400K, 800K, and 1.2MB. Read/write heads for each side of the diskette Read/write heads for each side of the diskette HARD DISK • A magnetic disk on which you can store data. The term hard is used to distinguish it from a soft, or floppy, disk. Hard disks hold more data and are faster than floppy disks. • A hard disk, for example, can store anywhere from 10 to more than 1000 gigabytes, whereas most floppies have a maximum storage capacity of 1.4 megabytes. • A single hard disk usually consists of several platters. Each platter requires two read/write heads, one for each side. All the read/write heads are attached to a single access arm so that they cannot move independently. Each platter has the same number of tracks, and a track location that cuts across all platters is called a cylinder. For example, a typical 84 megabyte hard disk for a PC might have two platters (four sides) and 1,053 cylinders. CD OR DVD DISC JUMPERS • Jumpers are pins on a motherboard or other device, which are used to provide configuration to the hardware. • A single jumper consists of a pair of pins, with a small rectangular shunt that can be placed over both pins to short them together. • The hardware is programmed to act one way when the jumper is shorted, and another way when it is left open. The jumpers are normally numbered JP1, JP2 etc.. • Every motherboard differs in its jumper numbering, positioning, and most importantly, what the settings for each jumper mean. This is why having the motherboard manual is so crucial for anyone who wants to work on their PC. This procedure provides specific instructions and caveats for configuring your motherboard. DIP SWTICH • A series of tiny switches built into circuit boards. The housing for the switches, which has the same shape as a chip, is the DIP. • DIP switches enable you to configure a circuit board for a particular type of computer or application. The installation instructions should tell you how to set the switches. DIP switches are always toggle switches, which mean they have two possible positions -- on or off. (Instead of on and off, you may see the numbers 1 and 0.) • How to Set Jumpers and Dip Switches on a Motherboard • Jumpers and Dip switches are used on motherboards to configure settings according to information that is supplied in the motherboard's user manual. • A Jumper cup can cover two metal pins at a time. Two uncovered metal pins can clearly be seen protruding vertically from the surface of the motherboard in the image of a block of jumpers on the left. • When a jumper fits over two pins, it shorts a connection and enables an option - detailed in the motherboard's user manual. • If a jumper is left hanging on one pin, or two pins are left unjumpered, the option is left open and is therefore not enabled. • DIP switch settings have On and Off switches that operate in the same way as a light switch. The On position is marked. The Off position is usually the opposite of the On position. You should use a screwdriver with a small head, or a pair of tweasers to move the switch into the On or Off postition CMOS/ BIOS SETUP • Nonvolatile BIOS memory refers to a small memory on PC motherboards that is used to store BIOS settings. It was traditionally called CMOS RAM because it used a low-power Complementary metal-oxide- semiconductor (CMOS) powered by a small battery when system power was off. CMOS • Also known as a Real Time Clock (RTC), Non-Volatile RAM (NVRAM) or CMOS RAM, CMOS is short for Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor. CMOS is an on-board semiconductor chip powered by a CMOS battery inside computers that stores information such as the system time and date and the system hardware settings for your computer. What is a CMOS battery, and why does my computer need one? • All AT computers (80286 processor) or later require a small battery on the system board that provides power to the Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) chip, even while the computer is turned off. This chip contains information about the system configuration (e.g., hard disk type, floppy drive types, date and time, and the order in which the computer will look for bootable disks). The CMOS battery allows the CMOS to preserve these settings How to enter the BIOS or CMOS setup. • Thankfully, computers that have been manufactured in the last few years will allow you to enter the CMOS by pressing one of the below five keys during the boot. Usually it's one of the first three. • F1 • F2 • DEL • ESC • F10 • A user will know when to press this key when they see a message similar to the below example as the computer is booting. Some older computers may also display a flashing block to indicate when to press the F1 or F2 keys. • Press <F2> to enter BIOS setup • Once you've successfully entered the CMOS setup you should see a screen similar to the below example. ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY) • Read-only memory is the other type of internal memory. ROM is used to store items that the computer needs to execute when it is first turned on. For example, the ROM on a PC contains a basic set of instructions, called the Basic Input-Output System (BIOS). The PC uses BIOS to start up the operating system. BIOS is stored on computer chips in a way that causes the information to remain even when power is turned off. • Information in ROM is usually permanent and cannot be erased or written over easily. • A ROM is permanent, it information cannot be changed—once the ROM has been created, information can be retrieved but not changed. Newer technologies allow ROMs to be semi-permanent—that is, the information can be changed, but it takes several seconds to make the change. For example, a FLASH memory acts like a ROM because values remain stored in memory, but the values can be changed. EPROM •Acronym for Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory. Also called reprogrammable read-only memory (RPROM). EPROMs are nonvolatile memory chips that are programmed after they are manufactured. EPROMs are a good way for hardware vendors to put variable or constantly changing code into a prototype system when the cost of producing many PROM chips would be prohibitive. EPROMs differ from PROMs in that they can be erased, generally by removing a protective cover from the top of the chip package and exposing the semiconductor material to ultraviolet light, and can be reprogrammed after having been erased. Although EPROMs are more expensive than PROMs, they can be more cost-effective in the long run if many changes are needed. PROM •Acronym for Programmable Read-Only Memory, a type of read-only memory (ROM) that allows data to be written into the chip with device called a PROM programmer. After a PROM has been programmed, it is dedicated to the data, and it cannot be reprogrammed. Because PROMs are cost-effective only when produced in large volumes, PROMs are used during the prototyping stage of the design. New PROMs can be created and discarded as needed until the design is perfected. USB CARD Wireless Network Card
