ORGANIZATION

OF
SOCIETY
UNIT 2
Chapter 4.
Becoming a
Member of Society
Chapter 4. Becoming a Member of Society

•Socialization
•Agents of Socialization
•Conformity and Deviance
•Function of Deviance
•Sociological Theories of Deviance
•Social Control of Deviance
• Human Rights and Dignity
Man as social being needs other people to realize his dreams. He
cannot survive without the help of other people. Hence, people play
different roles in society in order to attain economic development as
well as stability. The role and interaction of different agents of
socialization are very important in the holistic development of every
individual. They help in creating productive and law abiding members of
society.
However, there are different factors that influence and affect man's
capacity to become a good member of society. Crime and juvenile
delinquency are examples of deviance that affect the social conditions
of our society.
 The role of social groups is essential in providing support system
to the members of society. According to Fichter, every group has norms
of behavior that influence the way in which roles are enacted. These
need not be written rules or regulations, but they are usually patterns
of behavior which are understood and followed by the members. Thus,
there are established bases for different groups which help in their
classification such as common ancestry, territorial proximity, bodily
characteristics, and common interest. These facets help in
understanding how groups are organized and how members are
connected or related to one another.
 SOCIALIZATIO
N
Man as a social being needs other people to survive.
We develop ourselves as human beings through our social
interaction.
SOCIALIZATION
Socialization is a continuing process where by an individual
acquires a personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior,
and social skills appropriate to his and her social position.
The process of socialization is very essential because it teaches us how
to behave and act within our society.
As people move from one stage to another, such as from childhood to
adolescence, from adulthood to old age, or from one group to
another, they discard old ways of behaving and learn new patterns of
behavior. [Panopia, 1994 p. 108]
Socialization
Socialization cancan be described
be described from twofrom two
points of points
view: of
view: objectively
objectively and subjectively
and subjectively [Palispis, 2007 p.[108]
Palispis,
2007 p. 108].
Objective Socialization
-It refers to the society acting upon the child.
Subjective Socialization
- The process by which society transmits its culture from one
generation to the next and adapts the individual to the
accepted and approved ways of organized social life.
This perspective on socialization helps identity formation of
individuals which is essential in establishing his/her social role.
Likewise, it includes the following functions:
Personality It is through the process of socialization that
and Role we develop our sense of identity and
Development belongingness.

Skills The much-needed social skills such as

Development communication, interpersonal, and
and Training occupational are developed.

Values Individuals are influenced or engulfed by the

Formation prevailing values of social groups and society.
 The socialization process allows us to fit-in an
Social Integration
organized way of life by being accustomed including
and Adjustment
cultural setting.
Integration to society binds individuals to the
Social Control control mechanisms set forth by society's norms
and Stability with regard acceptable social relationships and
social behavior.

Socialization continues to be an important part of human

development. It is an instrument on how an individual will adapt to his
existing environment in order to survive. The process of socialization
enables the individual to grow and function socially
[Medina,1991 p. 47]
 IMPORTANCE OF SOCIALIZATION

Culture

Sex Role Socialization Personality

Differentiation is vital to:
 Hence, the change in man's social reality modifies
his culture. Sociologists say that the culture
becomes '' internalized'' that the individual
''imbibes'' it, and that in this way, ''from the
inside'', it continues to influence his conduct
[Palispis, 2007 p. 112]. The importance of
socialization is very vital in man's daily life.
QUIZ 4
 AGENTS OF
SOCIALIZATION
S
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATIONS
Socialization will not be take place without the
agents of socialization. These refer to the various
social groups or social institutions that play a
significant role in introducing and integrating the
individual as an accepted and functioning member
of society [Banaag, 2012 p. 138]
The agents of socialization guide every
individual in understanding what is happening in our
society.
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATIONS

People learn to determine what is proper, right or

wrong, appropriate and in appropriate.
Social norms were formed in order to control
individual behavior in a given society. They are usually
in a form of rules or prescriptions followed by people
who obey certain standards or roles in society. The
norms include society's standards of morality, good
manners, legality, and integrity.
The following are forms of social norms:
 FORMS OF SOCIAL NORMS
•The customary patterns that specify what is socially correct and
proper in everyday life.
Folkways •They are the repetitive or the typical habits and patterns of
expected behavior followed within a group of community.

•They define what is morally right and morally wrong.

Mores •These are folkways with ethical and moral significance which are
strongly held and emphasize.

•These are norms that are enforced formally by a special political

organization.
Laws
•Component of culture that regulates and controls the peoples
behavior and conduct.
 AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

Family

Mass
School
Media

Work Peer Church

Place Group
According to Peter Worsley, values are general
conceptions of ''the good'', ideas about the kind of
ends that people should pursue throughout their
lives and throughout the many different activities
in which they engage. Values such as fundamental
rights, patriotism, respect for human dignity,
rationality, sacrifice, individuality, equality,
democracy etc. Guide our behavior in many ways.
Hence, values are relative depending on its
context.
Robin William attempted to identify the major value orientations of
many societies:

Achievement and Success

Activity and Work

Moral Orientation

Humanitarianism

Efficiency and Practicality

In a study about Filipino values, Jaime Bulatao, SJ,
discovered the following values held highly by the
Filipinos.
Emotional Closeness and Security in the
Family

Authority Value

Economic and Social Betterment

Patience, Suffering, and Endurance

• Socialization as a continuous process serves as an avenue
for developing self-concept which is essential in role
identification.
• The self responds to categories called social statuses [Clark
and Robboy, 1986 p. 65].
• The child must learn the categories or statuses by which to
identify or define himself or herself like being a daughter,
friend, student, Catholic lay evangelist, secretary of the
Book Lovers Club, etc. [Panopia, 1994 p. 97].
• Social status refers to the position an individual occupies
in society and implies an array of rights and duties.
Social Statuses can be classified into two:
a. Ascribed Statuses

Those which are assigned to the individual from

birth.

It involves little personal choice like age and sex.

It carries with it certain expectations of behavior.

Social Statuses can be classified into two:
b. Achieved Statuses

It is acquired by choice, merit, or individual

effort.
It is made possible through special abilities or
talents, performance or opportunities.
Choice in occupation, marriage, joining a religious
organization are examples.
Individuals learn their roles through the different agents
of socialization. The essential in role play are
[Lindersmith, Srauss, and Denzin, 1975 p. 400]:

1. A definition of the role and an identification of self.

2. Behavior in given situations appropriate to the role.
3. A background of related acts by others (counter roles)
which serve as cues to guide specific performances.
4. An evaluation by the individual and by others of the
performance of the role.
Quiz 5
Conformity
and
Deviance
Conformity
Conformity and Deviance
and
Deviance
• The identification of oneself in society is always
relative to his/her existing environment.
• Social role must be performed in connection with the
expected behavior.
• Erving Goffman, in his book The Presentation of Self
in Everyday Life, tried to show how certain social
processes modify the presentation of self and the
impact of role expectations on the behavior of an
The different types of conformity:
1. Compliance[or group acceptance]
• This occurs when an individual accepts influence
because he hopes to achieve a favorable reaction
from another person or group.
• He adopts the induced behavior because she
expect to gain specific rewards or approval and
avoids specific punishment or disapproval by
conformity[Kelman,1958, p. 53]
The different types of conformity:
2. Internalization[ genuine acceptance of group norms]
This occurs when an individual accepts influence because the
content of the induced behavior-the ideas and actions of which it is
composed – is intrinsically rewarding.
 He adopts the induced behavior because it is congruent or
consistent with his value system.[Kelman,1958, p. 53]
Involves public and private conformity
Example: a person publicly changes his behavior to fit in with the
group, while also agreeing with others privately
The deepest level of conformity where the beliefs of the group
become part of the individual’s own belief system
3. Identification[or group membership]
This occurs ''when an individual accepts influence
because he wants to established or maintain a
satisfying self-defining relationship to another
person or group[Kelman, 1958, p. 53]
Individuals conform to the expectations of social
role.
Example: Nurses, Police Officers
It is similar to compliance as there doesn’t have to
be a change in private opinion.
4. Integrational
• This is when the person conforms to impress
or gain favor/acceptance from other people.
• It is similar to normative influenced, but is
motivated by the need for social rewards
rather than the threat of rejection,
• Example: group pressure does not enter the
decision to conform.
Functions of Deviance
Ronald W. Smith and Frederick W. Preston outlined some functions
which deviance performs to support the social system in the following:
Deviance serves as an outlet for diverse forms of
expressions.

Deviance serves to define the limits of acceptable behavior.

Deviance may also promote in-group solidarity.

Deviance can serve as a barometer of social strain.

Sociological Theories of Deviance
1. Functionalist Theory
According to Emile Durkheim, deviance can serve a
number of functions for society. He asserted that there is
nothing abnormal in deviance. He gave four major functions
of deviance:
a. Deviance affirms cultural values and norms
b. Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundary
c. Responding to deviance promotes social unity
d. Deviance encourages social change
2. Strain Theory
Robert Merton argued that in an
unequal society the tension or strain
between socially approved goals and an
individual’s ability to meet those goals
through socially approved means will
lead to deviance as individuals reject
either the goals, the means, or both.
 ACCEPT REJECT

Robert K. Merton's

ACCEPT
CONFORMITY INNOVATION
deviance typology

Cultural Goals
Institutionalized Means

REJECT
RITUALISM RETREATION

NEW MEANS

NEW GOAL
REBELLION
 Merton gave the following forms of deviance that
emerge from strain (Palispis 2007, p. 218-219):
a. Conformity – it involves accepting both the
cultural goal of success and the use of legitimate
means for achieving that goal.
b. Innovation – This response involves accepting
the goal of success but rejecting the use of socially
accepted means of achieving it, turning instead to
unconventional, illegitimate means.
c. Ritualism – This occurs when people deemphasize or reject
the importance of success once they realize they will never
achieve it and instead concentrate on following or enforcing
these rules than ever was intended.
d. Retreatism – This means withdrawal from society, caring
neither about success nor about working.
e. Rebellion – This occurs when people reject and attempt to
change both the goals and the means approved by society.
3. Control Theory
Travis Hirschi assumed that the family, school, and other
social institutions can greatly contribute to social order by
controlling deviant tendencies in very individual.
Social Control of Deviance
In order to regulate nonconformity with the social
norms, society created measures in order to limit
deviance. Social control refers to the efforts of a group
or society to regulate the behavior of its members in
conformity with established norms (Palispis, 2007 p.
227). Social control includes the use of behavioral
restraints to encourage people to follow set social
expectations.
There are two types of sanctions:
Informal Sanctions
- These are unofficial, often casual pressures to conform.
- Positive informal sanctions involves reward for conformity or compliance.
- Negative sanctions or informal sanctions involve penalties for not conforming.
These may take the form of ridicule, ostracism, rejection, or even expulsion from
the group.
Formal Sanctions
- These are official, institutionalized incentives to conform and penalties for
deviance.
- These are needed in large, complex societies.
- The criminal justice system is the most important and visible institution of social
control.
- These may take the form of arrest, pre-trial, sentencing or imprisonment.
Human Rights
and
Dignity
Human Rights and Dignity
Human Rights are natural rights of all human
beings whatever their nationality , religion ,
ethnicity , sex, language, and color. We are
equally entitled to our human rights without
discrimination. Hence, human rights are
inalienable rights that protect our dignity as
human beings.
1.Natural Rights
These are rights inherent to man and given to him by God as
human beings. Example of these right is the right to live.
2.Constitutional Rights
These are the rights guaranteed under the fundamental
charter of the country. Example of these is the rights against
the unreasonable searches and seizures.
3.Statutory Rights
These are rights provided by the lawmaking body of a court or
by law. Example of these right's is the right to receive a
minimum wage.
4. Civil Rights
These are rights specified under the Bill of Rights, such as
freedom of speech, right to information. These are rights
enjoyed by an individual by virtue of his citizenship.
5.Economic Rights
These are rights to property, whether personal, real, or
intellectual. Example of these rights is Right to make a living.
6.Political Rights
These are member who reach Eighteen years old and an
individual enjoys as a consequence of being a member of a
body politic. Example of these rights is right to vote.
The protection of the different rights of human beings
promotes the notion of human dignity. Dignity of
human being is an essential concept in the society as
well as in morality, because through it the quality and
honor of the people can be determined, and from the
sense of dignity the concept of human rights can also
be measured.
THANK YOU:>