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Module 3.1

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11 views

Module 3.1

Uploaded by

darshankumar999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 3

NOISE
Noise
The information signal received at the receiver is invariably be

distorted and may be different from the one that is been

transmitted due to following reasons,

1) Attenuation in channel

2) Non-Linearity in Channel

3) Due to noise element which gets super-imposed on

desired information.

Additive Noise- If noise gets added to the informative signal

then its called additive noise.


Broad Classification of Noise

External Noise

Internal Noise

Extra Terrestrial Noise


External Noise

Noise generated external to the system is External Noise.


Atmospheric Noise-
 Noise due to lightening discharges & other electrical
disturbances in the atmosphere.
 Noise mixed with signal produces variety of peculiar sounds
in radio receiver and its random which covers entire
spectrum
 Also called as STATIC NOISE
Extra Terrestrial Noise

Noise generated from entities which are far distant places are
called Extra Terrestrial Noise.
Solar Noise -
 Noise due to reactions in SUN, Usually at 6000oC noise is
radiated continuously over wide frequency spectrum
 Magnitude of this Noise increase after every 11 years and
changes periodically
Extra Terrestrial Noise
Cosmic Noise -
 Noise due to distant stars ( Heated bodies) radiates signal
over wide range of Frequency
 Also called BLACK BODY NOISE
 Noise present upto several Ghz.
Man Made Noise -
 Automobile Ignition
 Air Craft Ignition
 Electrical Welding
 Industry Noise
Internal Noise

Noise due to various components that are internal to the system


are called Internal Noise.
This effect of noise is most predominant at front end part of
receiver.
Shot Noise -
 Usually Current in an electronic device is due to movement of
electrons & holes.
 The fluctuations in number of electrons constitute Shot Noise.
Shot Noise contd…

 Considering a Photo detector diode , the electrons emitted


from by cathode due to incident light from source of constant
intensity.
 The electrons are naturally emitted at random times denoted

by τk where -∞<k<∞.
 It is assumed that random emissions of electrons have been
going on for a long time. Thus total current flowing through the
photo detector may be modeled as,
X(t)= -----1
Where is the current pulse generated at τk . The process is
stationary process & called Shot Noise.
Shot Noise contd…

 The number of electrons N(t) emitted in the time interval (o,t)


constitute a discrete stochastic process, value of which
increased by one each time an electron is emitted,
Shot Noise contd…

 Let the mean value of number of electrons emitted between


times t and t+to is defined by, E(v)= λto
Where λ is constant named as rate of process.
 In particular the probability that k electrons are emitted in the
interval ( t, t+to) is defined by poisson distribution,
P[v=K]= λto)k /k where k= 0,1,…
Thermal Noise [Johnson Noise]
 It is an electrical noise arising from the random motion of
electrons in a conductor [especially in absence of electric field
due to thermal energy].
 The mean square value of thermal noise voltage VTN appearing

across the terminals of a resistor for all practical purposes is


given by, E [VTN]= 4KTRΔf
Where k is Boltzman constant, K=1.38x10-23

G
E [I2TN]=
E [V2TN]=
Thermal Noise contd..
 The mean square value of the noise current generator is

E [I2TN]= 1/R2 E [V2TN]


= 1/R2 (4KTRΔf)
= 4KTGΔf

Applying maximum power transfer theorem to the Thevenins


equivalent ckt or Nortons equivalent ckt we find that a noisy
resistor produces an available noise power equal to KTΔf.
White Noise
 The noise analysis of communication system is based on an
idealized form of noise called white noise, the power spectral
density of which is independent of the operating frequency.
 white is the adjective used in the sense that white light
contains equal amount of all frequencies within visible band
of electromagnetic radiation.
 It can be expressed as, Sw(f)= No/2 where No is usually
referenced to the input stage of the receiver of a
communication system. It may be expressed as,
No= K.Te where k is Boltzman constant, K=1.38x10-23
Te equivalent noise temperature of receiver
White Noise contd..
 Te equivalent noise temperature of receiver defined as
temperature at which a noisy resistor has to be maintained
such that by connecting the resistor to the input of a noiseless
version of system , it produces the same available noise power
at output of the system as that produced by all the sources of
noise in the actual system.
An example...1

 Suppose that a white Gaussian noise w(t) of zero mean and power
spectral density No/2 is applied to an ideal LPF of bandwidth B and
pass band amplitude response of one.
The power spectral density of the noise n(t) appearing at the filter
output is there fore,
SN(f)=
The auto correlation function of n(t) is the inverse Fourier transform
of the power spectral density as shown in fig a. and the auto
correlation function is plotted as shown in fig b.
RN(τ)=

RN(τ)= No.B.Sinc(2Bτ)
An example...2

 Next suppose that a white Gaussian noise w(t) of zero mean and
power spectral density No/2 is applied to an RC LPF where the
transfer function of filter is
H(f) =
The power spectral density of the noise n(t) appearing at the output
of RC LPF is there fore,
SN(f)=
An example...2

The auto correlation function of n(t) is

RN(τ)=
Noise Equivalent Bandwidth
 Considering the 02 examples the average output noise power is
NoB and No/4RC.
 Here again average noise power of filter is proportional to
Bandwidth.
 We may generalize this to include all kinds of low pass filters by
defining a noise equivalent bandwidth as follows. If white noise
applied to input of filter of transfer function H(f). The resulting
average output noise power is therefore,
 Nout=
Nout=No

This is by considering an even function of frequency.


Consider next the same source of white noise connected to the
input of an ideal LPF of zero frequency response H(0) and
bandwidth B. In this case, the average output noise power is
Nout=No BH2(0) -2

Therefore equating this average noise power of equation 1 ,


we may define the noise equivalent bandwidth as
Signal to Noise Ratio
 It is simply a number that indicates relative strengths
of signal and noise.
 In performance judging it plays a vital role
 If S/N is high- Then strong Signal and weak Noise
 If S/N is Low- Then strong Noise and weak Signal
S/N = Ps/Pn = V2s/ V2N
Noise Factor (F)
 It is measure of Degradation of (S/N) ratio
 Measure of amount of noise added by the system
 It is simply a ratio of ,
F= Available (S/N) Power ratio at Input
Available (S/N) Power ratio at Input
F= PSi/Pni
PSo/Pno
F= Psi x Pno
Pnix Pso
Consider any amplifier (S/N) ratio at oupt will always be
less than that of input. ( F>1).
 We know that, Gain of the system given by ,
G= Signal Power at Output
Signal Power at Input
G= PSo
PSi
There fore, F= Pno___
Pni x G
Re-arranging we get ,
Pno= Pni.F.G
But Noise power at input given by, Pni= KTB
There fore,
Pno= FGKTB
Noise Figure
 If Noise factor (F) expressed in terms of Decibel it is known
as “ Noise Figure”

Noise Figure= 10log[F]

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