Nematology Assignment

PL PATH 504 BSMA
TOPIC: TYPES OF PARASITISM;NATURE OF

DAMAGE & GENERAL
SYMPTOMATOLOGY
PRESENTED BY: PRESENTED TO:
NITESH KU. ADHIKARI DR.PAVITRA

ASHOK JALAP
CONTENTS
 TYPES OF PARASITISM
 A BRIEF DESCRIPTION ON:
 ENDOPARASITIC NEMATODE
 SEMI-ENDOPARASITIC NEMATODE
 ECTOPARASITIC NEMATODE
 GENERAL SYMPTOMATOLOGY
 ABOVE GROUND FEEDERS
 BELOW GROUND FEEDERS
 ABOVE GROUND SYMPTOMS
 BELOW GROUND SYMPTOMS
 REFERENCES
TYPES OF PARASITISM :
 ACCORDING TO THE MODE OF PARASITISM,THE
NEMATODES CAN BE DIVIDED INTO:
 ECTOPARASITIC NEMATODES
 SEMI ENDOPARASITIC NEMATODES
 ENDOPARASITIC NEMATODES
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION
Endoparasite Semi Endoparasite Ectoparasite
i) CITRUS NEMATODE
 Tylenchulus semipenetrans
ii) RENIFORM NEMATODE
SEDENTARY MIGRATORY  Rotylenchulus reniformis SEDENTARY MIGRATORY
i) CYST NEMATODE i) LESION NEMATODE i) SHEATH NEMATODE i) NEEDLE NEMATODE

 Heterodera spp.  Pratylenchus spp.  Hemicriconemoides spp.  Longidorus sp.
 Globodera spp.  Hemicyclophora spp.
ii) BURROWING
 cacopaurus spp. ii) DAGGER NEMATODE
NEMATODE
ii) ROOT-KNOT  Radopholus similis  Xiphinema sp.
NEMATODE
 Meloidogyne spp. iii) RICE ROOT iii) STUBBY NEMATODE
NEMATODE  Trichodorus sp.
 Hirschmanniella spp.
iv) PIN NEMATODE
*BELOW GROUND FEEDERS ( >90%)  Paratylenchus sp.
ENDOPARASITC NEMATODES
The entitre nematode is found inside the root and the major portion of nematode
body found inside the plant tissue.And are considered to be the most destructive
group of plant parasitic nematodes.
I. SEDENTARY ENDOPARASITE: [Most Advanced plant parasites]

The second stage juveniles penetrate the rootlets and become sedentary throughout the life
cycle,inside the root cortex.i.e. lost the power of locomotion & become sessile.
examples:- Heterodera spp.,Globodera spp.& Meloidogyne spp
II. MIGRATORY ENDOPARASITE:

These nematodes move in the cortical parenchyma of host root.While migrating they feed on
cells,multiply and cause necrotic lesions.i.e. Entire life cycle is completed within root system only.
 examples:- Pratylenchus spp.,Radopholus similis,Hirschmanniella spp.
Root-knot Nematode
Meloidogyne spp.
Cyst Nematode Rice-root Nematode

Heterodera spp. Hirschmanniella
ENDOPARASITIC
NEMATODES
Burrowing Nematode Lesion nematode

Radopholus Pratylenchus
SEMI-ENDOPARASITC NEMATODES
The anterior part of the nematode,head and neck being permanently fixed in the
cortex and the posterior part extends free into the soil.
Divided into 02 types- i) Migratory ii) Sedentary Semi-endoparasitic nematodes
 example: Tylenchulus semipenetrans,Rotylenchulus reniformis
RENIFORM NEMATODE
Rotylenchulus reniformis
CITRUS NEMATODE
Tylenchulus semipenetrans
ECTOPARASITC NEMATODES
These nematodes lives freely in the soil & move closely or on the root surface,feed
intermittently on the epidermis and root hairs near the root tip,but do not enters
inside the plant tissues.Only stylet is inserted inside plant cells to draw nutrients.
I. SEDENTARY ECTOPARASITE:
In this type of parasitism the attachment of nematode to the root system is permanent
i.e. they feeds at a particular site for a long time,they usually have a stout & long stylet.
examples:- Hemicriconemoides spp.,Hemicyclophora spp.,Cacopaurus spp.
II. MIGRATORY ECTOPARASITE:

These nematodes spend their entire life cycle free in the soil,feeding externally on the
host plants,deposit eggs in soil.when the roots are disturbed they detach themselves and
move to next site.
 examples:- Longidorus sp.,Xiphinema sp,Trichodorus sp.,Paratylenchus sp.
NEEDLE NEMATODE
Longidorus
SHEATH NEMATODE DAGGER NEMATODE

Hemicyclophora Xiphinema
ECTOPARASITIC
NEMATODES
PIN NEMATODE STUBBY NEMATODE

Paratylenchus Trichodorus
GENERAL SYMPTOMATOLOGY
 The attacked plants express the damage sustained by them in the form of symptoms
which is important in the diagnosis of nematode diseases and their management.
 Most of the plant parasitic nematodes affect the root portions of the plants
except :- Anguina spp.
Aphelenchus spp.,
Aphelenchoides spp.,
Ditylenchus spp.,
Bursaphelenchus cocophilus and B.xylophilus
 Nematodes suck the sap of the plants with the help of stylet and causes leaves
discolouration,stunted growth,reduced leaf size & fruits,lesions on
roots,galls,reduced root system and finally wilting.
SYMPTOMS OF NEMATODE DISEASE CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS :
I. Symptoms produced by above ground feeding nematodes.
II. Symptoms produced by below ground feeding nematodes.
I. Symptoms produced by above ground feeding nematodes.

 LEAF DISCOLOURATION: The leaf tip become white in rice due to rice white tip nematode,
Aphlenchoides besseyi.& Yellowing of leaves on chrysanthemum foliar nematode, A.ritzemabosi
 DEAD OR DEVITALISED BUDS: In case of strawberry plants infected with A.fragariae,the

nematodes affect the growing point and kill the plants and result in blind plant.
 SEED GALLS: In wheat,Anguina tritici juvenile enter into the flower primordium and develops
into a gall.The nematodes can survive for longer period (even upto 28 years) inside the cockled
wheat grain.
 TWISTING OF LEAVES AND STEM: In onion,the basal leaves become twisted when infested
with Ditylenchus dipsaci & in rice the top leaves become twisted when infested with D.angustus.
LEAF DISCOLOURATION DEAD OR SEED GALLS
DEVITALISED BUDS
NECROSIS AND DISCOLOURATION TWISTING OF LEAVES

CRINCKLED OR DISTORTED
AND STEM
STEM AND FOLIAGE
 CRINCKLED OR DISTORTED STEM AND FOLIAGE: The wheat seed gall
nematode,A.tritici infests the growing point as a result the distortions in stem and leaves takes
place.
 NECROSIS AND DISCOLOURATION: The red ring disease on coconut is caused by
Bursaphelenchus cocophilus.Due to the infestation red coloured circular area appear in the trunk
of the infested palm.
 LESIONS ON LEAVES AND STEM: Small yellowish spots are produced on onion stem and
leaves due to D.dipsaci and the leaf lesions caused by A.ritzemabosi on chrysanthemum.
II. Symptoms produced by below ground feeding nematodes
 The nematode infest and feed on the root portion and exhibit symptoms on below ground plant
parts as well as on the above ground plant parts and they are classified as :
a) Above ground symptoms.

b) Below ground symptoms.
ABOVE GROUND SYMPTOMS:
 STUNTING: Reduced plant growth and the plants cannot able to withstand adverse
conditions.Patches of stunted plants appear in the field Ex: in potato due to Globodera
rostochinensis,in gingelly,due to Heterodera cajani and in wheat by Heterodera avenae.
 DISCOLOURATION OF FOLIAGE: Patchy yellow appear in coffee due to

pratylenchus coffeae and G.rostochinensis infested potato plant show light green
foliage.Tylenchulus semipenetrans induce fine mottling on the leaves of orange and lemon
trees.
 DECLINE AND DIEBACK: In banana,decline and dieback are caused by Radopholus

similis,spreading decline in citrus due to R.citrophilus and show decline of citrus due to
Tylenchulus semipenetrans.In grapevine slow decline is caused by Meloidogyne spp.
 WILTING: Day wilting due to Meloidogyne spp. i.e. In hot weather the root-knot
infested plants tend to droop or wilt even in the presence of enough moisture in the
soil.Severe damage to the root system due to nematode infestation leads to day
wilting especially in broad leaved plants like tobacco and brinjal.
STUNTING DECLINE AND DIEBACK WILTING

BELOW GROUND SYMPTOMS:
 ROOT GALLS OR KNOTS: The characteristic root galls are produced by root-knot
nematode,Meloidogyne spp.False root galls are produced by Nacobbus bataliformis on sugar beet
and tomato.Small galls are produced by Hemicycliphora arenaria on lemon roots.
Ditylenchus radicicola causes root galls on wheat & oats.
Xiphinema diversicaudatum causes galls on rose roots.
 ROOT LESIONS: The penetration and movement of nematodes in the root causes typical root
lesions Ex:Necrotic lesions induced by Pratylenchus spp.on crossandra;the burrowing
nematode,Radopholus similis in banana.Similarly Platylenchus coffeae &
Helicotylenchus multicinctus cause reddish brown lesion on banana root and corm.
The rice root nematode also causes brown lesions on rice root.
 REDUCED ROOT SYSTEM: Due to nematode feeding the root tip growth is arrested and the
root produced branches.This may be of various kinds such as coarse root,stubby root & curly tip.
a) Coarse root: Paratrichodorus spp. infestation arrest the growth of lateral roots and
leads to an open root system with only main roots without lateral roots.
b) Stubby roots: The lateral roots produced excessive rootlets (Ex: P.christei)
c) Curly tip: In the injury caused by Xiphinema spp. the nematode retards the elongation
of roots and causes curling of roots known as “Fish hook” symptom.
 ROOT PROLIFERATION: Increase in the root growth or excessive branching due to nematode
infestation.The infested plant root produces excessive root hair at the point of nematode infetation.
(Ex: Trichodorus christei,Nacobbs spp.,Heterodera spp.,Meloidogyne hapla & Pratylenchus spp.)
 ROOT ROT: The nematodes feeds on the fleshy structure result in rotting of tissues (Ex: Yam
nematode Scutellonema bradys in Diascorea spp. & Ditylenchus destructor in potato.
 ROOT SURFACE NECROSIS: The severe injury caused by T.semipenetrans on
citrus leads to complete decortication of roots and result in root necrosis.
 CLUSTER OF SPROUTS ON TUBERS: On the tubers,clusters of short

and swollen sprouts are formed due to D.dipsaci infestation in many tuber plants.
ROOT GALLS ROOT LESIONS REDUCED ROOT ROOT PROLIFERATION ROOT ROT
SYSTEM
REFERENCE:

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PL PATH 504 BSMA

TOPIC: TYPES OF PARASITISM;NATURE OF

NITESH KU. ADHIKARI DR.PAVITRA

i) CYST NEMATODE i) LESION NEMATODE i) SHEATH NEMATODE i) NEEDLE NEMATODE

I. SEDENTARY ENDOPARASITE: [Most Advanced plant parasites]

II. MIGRATORY ENDOPARASITE:

Cyst Nematode Rice-root Nematode

Burrowing Nematode Lesion nematode

 example: Tylenchulus semipenetrans,Rotylenchulus reniformis

II. MIGRATORY ECTOPARASITE:

SHEATH NEMATODE DAGGER NEMATODE

PIN NEMATODE STUBBY NEMATODE

I. Symptoms produced by above ground feeding nematodes.

 DEAD OR DEVITALISED BUDS: In case of strawberry plants infected with A.fragariae,the

NECROSIS AND DISCOLOURATION TWISTING OF LEAVES

II. Symptoms produced by below ground feeding nematodes

a) Above ground symptoms.

 DISCOLOURATION OF FOLIAGE: Patchy yellow appear in coffee due to

 DECLINE AND DIEBACK: In banana,decline and dieback are caused by Radopholus

STUNTING DECLINE AND DIEBACK WILTING

 CLUSTER OF SPROUTS ON TUBERS: On the tubers,clusters of short

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