Presentation, Analysis and

Interpretation of Data

Presented By:
Lovely Ann F.
Hezoli Ryan
Batangantang
Glenn dela
Objectives
After studying this lesson you are
expected to:
1.Be able to present the results of
your collected data.
2.Make good analysis of the tabulated
or graphically presented data,
3.Make effective
interpretation of the
data/finding/results, and
4.Draw implications or inferences and
generations from the analysis and
 This chapter
presents the
findings
Presentation of the
should be clear and
study.
scholarly done and may come in the
form of tables, figures or charts.
Analysis refers to the skill of the
researcher in describing, delineating
similarities and differences,
highlighting the significant findings or
data and ability to extract information
or messages out of the presented
data. Interpretation is the explanation
Lesson 1: Presentation of findings
Two forms of communicating your findings in
research:

Verbal – describes and narrates to readers

what the researcher has done and the
results that he or she has obtained

Symbolic – uses graphic representation,

tables or statistical values.
The Format
The immediate purpose of writing a
research report is to tell other scientists
about your work, about the new
knowledge you have discovered. The
research report should be clear enough
that any scientist could replicate your
study without telephoning you to ask for
details. In addition, the research must be
explained clearly enough that a scientist
could evaluate its merits and flaws,
solely on the basis of the written word.
The American Psychological Association
(APA) Format or style
The APA Style is the format approved by the Open
University Academic Council to be adopted at the
PUP Open University, however, in the Graduate
School, each discipline has a preferred format. The
Public Administration Programs use the APA Format.
The American Psychological Association (APA) has
strict guidelines for the editorial style and
organizational format of written research reports.
There are accepted conventions for the mechanics of
writing the report. For example, how will you write
the title of your table? Should the table number be
written in Arabic or Roman numeral? Will the title be
indented and in capital letters or in small letters
except the first letter of the key words? A more
detailed discussion of the APA will be found in the
last module dealing with references.
Organization of your presentation
The organization of the presentation and
interpretation of findings vary according to the
research method used. In descriptive research,
especially the survey type, the presentation of results
follow a pattern. The findings presented will follow
the sequence of the sub-problems raised in Chapter 1.
It would be a good idea if reports assist in the
analysis, interpretation and clarification of the next
materials. Properly chosen, carefully drawn, and
accurately presented, they can make many of the
statements appearing in the body of the report more
meaningful.
Do not present your findings by recasting your sub-
problems in Chapter 1. Remember that your whole
Chapter 4 is the exposition of the answers of findings
to your research questions specially stated in Chapter
1. Your answers become the subheadings of your
Chapter 4.
Examples:
For Research Problem 1. What is the profile of the
respondents in terms of age, sex, educational
attainment, civil status and position? Your
subheading in Chapter 4 should be:
1. Profile of the Respondents In Terms of Age, Sex,
Educational Attainment, Civil Status and Position
For research Problem No. 2
Whatis the leadership styles of the local
government
manila as assessedofficials
by the in themselves
officials
subordinates, using and their
Andrewartha’s
the Rating scale:
following five 2.1 Focus,2.2
dimensions
Emphasis
of 2.3
Relationship, McPhee
2.4 timing and 2.5 Thinking
The External Format
The use of tables and
graph
● Tables and graphs are both ways to
organize and arrange data so that it is
more easily understood by the viewer.
● Tables and graphs are related in the
sense that the information used in
tables is frequently also used for the
basis of graphs.
● When designing table, keep the format
clear and simple. Line up decimal places,
note units clearly, use a large enough
typeface and construct a clean orderly
arrangement of rows and columns.
● Bar graphs are an excellent way to show
the results that are one time, that are not
continuous—especially samplings such as
surveys and inventories.
● Bar graphs are used to get an overall
idea or trends in responses which
categories get, many versus few
responses.
•Bars in a graph should be
wider than the spaces between
them.
•All bars should be of equal
width, and all spaces including
the space between the axis and
the first bar, should be equal of
width.
•Bars should be neither very
thin nor very wide.
•Use the same color for all the
bars in a
graph that are in a single data
set.
•Use different fill colors for
● The column graph is more
● similar
Circle or pie graphs particula
are
good illustrations rly
when how many parts consideri
of a inception. ng whole
● Each slice are
should
distinguished from the rest and
clearly labeled. be
● Use 6 or fewer slices in easily
a graph.
● Emphasize a slice in a pie graph
by exploding it or by choosing a
color different from the rest of
the slices.
● Number of segments or slices in a
● Components tha are too small to be
individually t beshown
groupedinto one
labeled
can other orsegment
miscellaneous.
● The largest segment conventionally begins
at 1200 or at a quarter hour and runs
clockwise. Remaining segments continue
clockwise.
● The most important slice is in the upper-
right quadrant.
Other Conventions Regarding
Graphics
1. Keep graphics simple. Design the graphic to
help others understand your point.
2. Simplify your data
3. Use consistent symbols
4. Avoid special effects if they do not enhance the
point to be made.
 Tables
Tables are numbered consecutively in Arabic
numeral. Table number should be written at the
top and the caption should be placed at the
bottom just right above the table box.
In typing tables, never cut table in two pages. You
may decrease the size of the font of your table
to fit the size in a short coupon bond or you may
use landscape so that you will have one table in
a page. Avoid enlarging the font size of your
table in order to fit in such page.
Caption, Labels And Lines
Table caption should be the same as that which
appears in the list of tables. It is placed above
the table unlike that which is used in figures.
The caption should tell in precise terms what
the table contains.
PUP format
Table 1
Frequency and Percentage
Distribution of the
Respondents According to Age

Apa format
Table 1. Frequency and percentage
distribution of the respondents according
to age.
Other Rules in Caption
1. No terminal punctuation.
2. Unusual abbreviation are not allowed in the
table, if necessary, put a legend at the
bottom of the table.
3. Captions should be worded as concisely
as clarity permits.
4. When a table is placed broadside on a
page the caption should be on the
binding side.
5. Be consistent in label size, font and
style.
The Internal Format
A horizontal line should be placed one space
below the last line of the caption. Below the
line are the box headings-descriptive
headings for each column heading and
headings are centered between the vertical
lines that enclosed them. One space at least
should be allowed on either side of each
heading.
 Examp
le
Table
2
Title

BOXH
Stub Colum Column Column Column
EAD
Head n Head Head Head
Sapann Head
er
Stub Field or
Column Body
 Factory
BLPO TOTA
Se Owners/Manag
Personnel L
x ers
1 % 1 % 1 %
Male 9 69.23 78 65 87 65.41
Female 4 30.77 42 35 46 34.59
Total 13 100 120 100 133 100
Age in years
19-28 0 0 14 11.67 14 10.53
29-39 9 69.23 36 30.00 45 33.83
40-49 3 23.08 61 50.83 64 48.12
50 and above 0 0 3 2.50 3 2.26

No. Response 1 7.69 6 5.00 7 5.26

Total 13 100 120 100 133 100
Columns that consist of words are placed on the
left and those that consist of numbers
particularly those with decimals should be
aligned and at least one space should be left
on each side of the largest number in the
column.
 Table 4
The Extent Of Behavioral Development
Of The Grade One Pupils During The
School Year According To Sex

Are Mal Femal Tota

a e e l
s Mea Mea Mea Rate
n n n of
1s
Las Increa % 1s
Las Increa % 1s
Las Increa
recordi recordin
t se recordin recordin
t se recordin recordin
t
se
t t t
n g g g g g
g
Physica Increase %
l
2.74 3.69 .95 19 2.72 3.84 3.84 1.12 22.4 2.73 3.73 3.78

Emotio
2.58 3.67 1.09 21.8 2.54 3.78 1.24 24.8 2.56 3.72 1.16 23.2
n
-al
 Lines
The line at the bottom of the table is omitted on
all the pages except the last when a table is
continued in a series of pages.
Vertical lines are used for grouping, separating
closely spaced columns. When two equal
parts of the table are placed side by side,
double vertical lines should be placed
between them. Horizontal lines are not usually
placed between lines of items in typed tables.
Figure (Chart, Graph And Illustration)
These should be done judiciously. The research
reporter must ask himself the following
questions: is the illustration necessary? Does
it simply repeat what the text said?
Illustrative materials shall be called figures.
The figure number and caption should be
centered below the illustration. An Arabic
numeral is written after the word “Figure”
followed by a period.
The caption should be brief and explanatory.
Size and Proportion of Figure
Figures should not be larger than 8 ½ x 11
inches or smaller than 2x2 inches. Figures of
equal importance in the report should be
approximately equal size.
Smaller size photographs may be mounted two
or more to a page or regular typing paper. If
photographs are
8 ½ x 11 inches in size, they need not to be
mounted.
If the detail is not shown in an illustration, it is
recommended that the original drawing be
Placement and Paging
As with tables, illustrations or figures should
follow as closely as possible the first references
to them in the text. On the four sides of a page
carrying illustrative materials, a margin of least
one inch should be allowed. The figure caption,
descriptive matter and legends should fall
within the margin.
In case of illustration or figures occupying half or
less than half a page, textual material may be
typed on the same page. In no case should less
than five lines of typewritten text be put in the
same page as an illustration.
Lesson 2: Analysis of Data or Findings
In analyzing data, stress only those important
result that gives information that could
answer the problem you raised or posed in
your study which you stated in Chapter 1.
you highlight only those important and
unique findings. You have to be consistent
and coherent in your approach as well as
logical, based on certain academic
conventions.
Lesson 3: Interpretation of Findings/Results,
Implications and Inferences
Sufficient data should be used to justify your
inferences or generalizations. The
implications suggested by the data should be
explained and discussed thoroughly in this
portion of your thesis or dissertation.
The data analysis involves comparing values on
the dependent measures in statistical cases.
In the non statistical approach, these
comparisons usually involve visual
inspection of data. Evaluation depends on
projecting from baseline data what findings
would be like in the future if some variables
were not experimented.