Slides’ Acknowledgment

1) Engineering Electromagnetics
by W. H. Hayt & John 7th ed. 2006
Buck 6th ed. 2001
2) Electromagnetics for Engineers
by F. T. Ulaby Pearson ed. 2005

3) Schaum’s Series’ Electromagnetics

by J. Edminister ed. 1995
Course text book:
Engineering Electromagnetics
by W. H. Hayt & John Buck 7th ed. 2006

Recommended for practice of problem solving:

‘Electromagnetics’ of Schaum’s Series
by J. Edminister

2
Ch-2 Coulomb’s law and Electric Field Intensity

Gravitational forces between two

masses; Newton’s law of
Gravitation
(Ref: Ulaby 2005) 3
Gravitational field ψ1 induced by a mass m1

4
For now, Electrostatics (in vacuum or free space)

Section 2.1 Coulomb’s law

Electric forces on two positive point charges in free space

Fdue to Q1, on Q2 = F2 in figure

Fdue to Q2, on Q1 =

6
Ans:

7
 Section 2.2 Electric Field Intensity
Ft is the force exerted by
Q1 on a test charge Qt

Qt is so small that it does

not disturb the field due
to Q1

Electric Field Intensity = = Vector force on a unit

positive test charge

8
Electric field E due to charge Q

9
 For Q1 placed at the center of the spherical
co-ordinate system i.e. origin

In Cartesian co-ordinate system

10
For Q1 not placed at the origin

11
 Redo Ex: 2.1 and D 2.1 for E

Calculate E at a) point N due to Q1

b) point M due to Q2
How will this E be related to previously calculated F ?

Calculate E at a) point B due to QA

b) point A due to QB

How will this E be related to previously calculated F ?

12
 Linearity of Coulomb forces

Because E is
a linear
function of Q

The electric field E at P due to two

charges is equal to the vector sum
of E1 and E2
13
Linearity of Coulomb forces

14
Ans:
15
16
 Different charge distributions

Volume lim Q
v C/m3
charge v 0 v
density
Total Charge Q v dv C
vol.

Similarly, for a line charge density ρL C/m

Q L dL C

For a surface charge density ρS C/m2

Q S dS C
17
 Section 2.3 Continuous volume charge distribution
Ex: 2.3
Total
charge in an
electron
beam

18
Calculation of current flow

19
 Line charge density

Calculate the total charge if ρL = 2 z C/m (Ref: Ulaby 2005)

Ans: 0.01 C

20
 Surface charge density

Calculate the total charge, if the azimuthally symmetricsurface

charge density ρS increases linearly with ρ from zero at the center to
9 C/m2 at ρ = 3 cm (Ref: Ulaby2005)

Ans: 16.97 mC (hint: ρS = 300 ρ C/m ) 2 21

 Electric field due to
these different types of charge distributions

22
Section 2.4 Electric Field due to a Line charge

23
24
25
Electric field due to an
infinite length line charge Electric field due to a point charge

Rate of decay in field, as one moves away from the source, depends
upon the type of source.

Electric field due to a line charge of finite length 2a

(near the line charge and in front of its center)

E L
a As one moves further away from
2
line charge (ρ>>a), it appears
2 0 1 more and more like point charge.
a 27
28
Example:
When Line charge is not on
z-axis, then
E L
aR
2 0 |R|
where R is the radial (i.e.
outward perpendicular)
vector from line charge to
point P
Example: Calculate E at (6,8,0) for a line charge density
ρL = 15 nC/m , if

a) the line charge density is of infinite length, located on z-axis

b) the line charge density is of finite length, located on z-axis

between z = -5 to 5.

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Field under DC transmission line
Ex: 2-3 (Kraus & Fleisch 1999 ed.)
ρL2
ρL1
Two long parallel conductors
of a dc transmission line points
separated by 2 m have charges (x0,0,4) (x0,2,4)
of ρL = 5 μC/m of opposite
sign.
Both lines
What is theare 8 m above
magnitude of the
ground.
electric field 4 m directly below
one of the wires ?
.(x ,2,0)
0

Hint: R1 = - 4 az E here = ?
R2 = 2 ay - 4 az

Ans: 10.06 kV/m

Advice to students:

Real task in these problems (e.g. the one of dc transmission lines) is

to locate the points (of source and target) correctly.

Hence while solving these numericals, you MUST spend time in

i) understanding / drawing the geometry of the problem and
ii) identifying the different points.

Once points become known, rest is just maths; write down R and
apply formula.

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Interesting
Example:
(Ref: Ulaby
2005)
E at P = ?

(a) (b)
Ring (having radius b) of charge with line density ρl C/m.
(a) The field dE1 due to infinitesimal segment 1
and (b) the fields dE1 and dE2 due to segments at Ans:
diametrically opposite locations
(2 b l )h
E 2 2 3/
az
4 0 (b h )2
 Section 2.5 Electric Field due to a Sheet of charge

where
R = x ax – y ay

34
Field between plates of a parallel plate air capacitor

35
36
Interesting
Example:
(Ref: Ulaby
2005)
a) E at P = ?

b) What happens
to E, as a → ∞ ?

Due to line charge of

circular shape Circular disk of charge with surface charge
(2 b l )h density ρs. The electric field at P(0,0,h)
E 2 2 3/
az points along the z-direction
4 0 (b h )2
37
 Ans:

a) S |h|
E 1 az
2 0 a 2
h 2

where plus sign corresponds to when h > 0

minus sign corresponds to when h <
0

b) When a becomes ∞, i.e. sheet of infinite dimension

S
E az
2 0
where plus sign corresponds to when h > 0
minus sign corresponds to when h <
0
c) When h becomes ∞
38
 To do
• Solve following problems at the end of chapter 1 in
W. Hayt; 7th ed.
2.1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25

• Solve related problems at the end of chapter 2 in

Schaum’s Series book by J. Edminister (p:18 onwards)

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