Chapter 15

Chapter 15
Fluid Mechanics
Fluids
• Fluids (Ch. 5) – substances that can flow (gases,

liquids)
• Fluids conform with the boundaries of any container

in which they are placed
• Fluids lack orderly long-range arrangement of

atoms and molecules they consist of
• Fluids can be compressible and incompressible

Density and pressure
m
• Density   lim
V  0 V
• SI unit of density: kg/m3

F
• Pressure (cf. Ch. 14) P  lim
A 0 A Blaise Pascal
(1623 - 1662)
• SI unit of pressure: N/m2 = Pa (pascal)
• Pressure is a scalar – at a given point in a fluid the

measured force is the same in all directions
• For a uniform force on a flat area

F
P
A
Atmospheric pressure
• Atmospheric pressure:
• P0 = 1.00 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa

Fluids at rest
• For a fluid at rest (static equilibrium) the pressure is

called hydrostatic
• For a horizontal-base cylindrical water sample in a

container
F2 F1  mg P2 A P1 A  A( y1  y2 ) g
P2 P1   ( y1  y2 ) g
P P0  hg
Fluids at rest
• The hydrostatic pressure at a point in a fluid

depends on the depth of that point but not on any
horizontal dimension of the fluid or its container
• Difference between an absolute pressure and an

atmospheric pressure is called the gauge pressure
Pg P  P0 hg
P P0  hg
Chapter 15
Problem 22
Barometric pressure in the eye of a hurricane is 0.91 atm (27.2 in. of mercury).
How does the level of the ocean surface under the eye compare with the level
under a distant fair-weather region where the pressure is 1.0 atm?
Measuring pressure
• Mercury barometer y1 0; P1 P0

P2 P1   ( y1  y2 ) g
y2 h; P2 0
P0 hg
• Open-tube manometer
y1 0; P1 P0
P2 P1   ( y1  y2 ) g y2  h; P2 P
Pg P  P0 hg
Pascal’s principle
• Pascal’s principle: A change in the pressure applied
to an enclosed incompressible fluid is transmitted
undiminished to every portion of the fluid and to the
walls of its container
• Hydraulic lever
F1 F2
P   V  A1x1  A2 x2
A1 A2
A1 A2
F1 F2 x1 x2
A2 A1 W F1x1 F2 x2
Archimedes’ principle
• Buoyant force:
For imaginary void in a fluid
p at the bottom > p at the top
Archimedes
of Syracuse
(287-212 BCE)
B m f g
• Archimedes’ principle: when a body is submerged

in a fluid, a buoyant force from the surrounding fluid
acts on the body. The force is directed upward and
has a magnitude equal to the weight of the fluid that
has been displaced by the body
Archimedes’ principle
• Sinking: mg  B
• Floating: mg  B
• Apparent weight:
weight apparent mg  B
• If the object is floating at the surface of a fluid, the

magnitude of the buoyant force (equal to the weight
of the fluid displaced by the body) is equal to the
magnitude of the gravitational force on the body
Chapter 15
Problem 23
On land, the most massive concrete block you can carry is 25 kg. Given
concrete’s 2200-kg/m3 density, how massive a block could you carry
underwater?
Motion of ideal fluids
Flow of an ideal fluid:
• Steady (laminar) – the velocity of the moving fluid at

any fixed point does not change with time (either in
magnitude or direction)
• Incompressible – density is constant and uniform
• Nonviscous – the fluid experiences no drag force
• Irrotational – in this flow the test body will not rotate

about its center of mass
Equation of continuity
• For a steady flow of an ideal fluid through a tube

with varying cross-section
V  Ax  Avt  A1v1t  A2 v2 t
A1v1  A2 v2
Av const
Equation of continuity
Chapter 15
Problem 27
Water flows through a 2.5-cm-diameter pipe at 1.8 m/s. If the pipe narrows to
2.0-cm diameter, what’s the flow speed in the constriction?
Bernoulli’s equation
• For a steady flow of an ideal fluid:
Etot K  U g  Eint
• Kinetic energy Daniel Bernoulli
(1700 - 1782)
mv 2 Vv 2
K 
2 2
• Gravitational potential energy
U g mgy Vgy
• Internal (“pressure”) energy
Eint VP
Bernoulli’s equation
• Total energy
Etot K  U g  Eint
Vv 2
  Vgy  VP
2
Etot v 2
  gy  P const
V 2
2 2
v1 v2
 gy1  P1   gy2  P2
2 2
Questions?
Answers to the even-numbered problems
Chapter 15
Problem 12
10-14
Chapter 15
Problem 18
5.0 km
Chapter 15
Problem 30
(a) 1.9 m/s
(b) 31 m/s

Chapter 15

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Chapter 15

• Fluids (Ch. 5) – substances that can flow (gases,

• Fluids conform with the boundaries of any container

• Fluids lack orderly long-range arrangement of

• Fluids can be compressible and incompressible

• SI unit of density: kg/m3

• Pressure is a scalar – at a given point in a fluid the

• For a uniform force on a flat area

• P0 = 1.00 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa

• For a fluid at rest (static equilibrium) the pressure is

• For a horizontal-base cylindrical water sample in a

• The hydrostatic pressure at a point in a fluid

• Difference between an absolute pressure and an

• Mercury barometer y1 0; P1 P0

• Archimedes’ principle: when a body is submerged

weight apparent mg  B

• If the object is floating at the surface of a fluid, the

• Steady (laminar) – the velocity of the moving fluid at

• Incompressible – density is constant and uniform

• Nonviscous – the fluid experiences no drag force

• Irrotational – in this flow the test body will not rotate

• For a steady flow of an ideal fluid through a tube

V  Ax  Avt  A1v1t  A2 v2 t

• Internal (“pressure”) energy

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