KS4 Metallic Bonding.ppt Edexcel Chemistry

KS4 Chemistry
Metallic Bonding
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20 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
2004
Learning objectives
• In this lesson, students will learn to:

• describe the particles and how they are arranged
in metals
• describe the typical properties of metals
• explain the properties of metals, including
malleability and the ability to conduct
electricity
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2 20 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
2004
Key definitions
• electrical conductivity: the ability to carry an electric
current
• delocalised electrons: electrons that are no longer
attached to particular atoms or pairs of atoms, but are
free to move throughout the whole structure
• ductility: a property of metal that allows it to be
drawn out into wires
• malleability: a property of metal that allows it to be
hammered into different shapes
• metallic bonding: electrostatic forces of attraction
between a lattice of positive ions and the sea of
delocalised electrons
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Metallic bonding
Atoms of metals are tightly packed together in a giant lattice
similar to the lattice in ionic compounds.
metal sea of free

atoms
ions electrons
The outer electrons separate from their atoms and become

delocalized, creating a ‘sea of electrons’. The atoms
become positive ions and are attracted to these electrons.
This attraction is called metallic bonding and is the reason

why the positive metal ions do not repel each other.
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Electrons and metallic bonding
How is the sea of electrons involved in metallic bonding?
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Properties of metals:
Metal ions form a lattice which is more tightly packed and
denser than the lattices in ionic compounds. They form
crystals called grains.
1.Metals generally have a very high melting and boiling point

because metallic bonds are very strong and so a large
amount of energy is needed to break them.
Which metal has the lowest melting point?
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Properties of metals: conductivity
2.Metals are good conductors of:(in both solid and liquid state)
 heat – the free electrons can take in heat energy, which
makes them move faster. They can then transfer the
energy throughout the lattice.
 electricity – the free electrons can carry an electrical
charge.
Silver is the best conductor of

electricity and copper is the
second best.
Why is copper used instead of

silver for electrical wires?
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Properties of metals: strength
3.Metals are usually tough, not brittle. When a metal is hit, the
layers of the lattice just slide over each other. The metallic
bonds do not break because the electrons are free to move.
force
This means that metals are:

 malleable – they can be bent and pressed into shape;
 ductile – they can be drawn out into wires.
 4.Metals are insolube in water
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Extended concept:Metal grains
Layers of atoms can slip over each other in metal grains when
a force is applied,hencemalleable but this slippage stops at
grain boundaries.
grain boundary: where
one grain meets another
The smaller the grains, the shorter the distance the atom
layers can move. This means that metals with smaller grains
are stronger and harder than metals with larger grains.
The faster that molten metal is cooled, the smaller the
grain size.
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Strengthening metals
Metals can be made stronger by adding another element
when the metal is molten. The atoms of the new element
spread through the crystal structure.
force force
Because the atoms of the added element are larger, they

make it difficult for layers of metal atoms to slide. This
makes the metal less malleable and less ductile.
This process is called alloying, and the new substance is
called an alloy.
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True or false?
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Glossary
 alloy – A material containing two or more metals, or a
metal and a non-metal.
 delocalized – Electrons that are free to move
throughout a structure.
 ductile – Capable of being drawn out into a wire.
 grain – A crystal of metal.
 malleable – Capable of being bent and pressed into a
different shape.
 metallic bonding – The strong attraction between
positive metal ions and the ‘sea of electrons’.
 sea of electrons – Delocalized electrons from the
outer shell of metal atoms and which move freely in metallic
structures.
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Multiple-choice quiz
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KS4 Chemistry

• In this lesson, students will learn to:

metal sea of free

The outer electrons separate from their atoms and become

This attraction is called metallic bonding and is the reason

1.Metals generally have a very high melting and boiling point

Which metal has the lowest melting point?

Silver is the best conductor of

Why is copper used instead of

This means that metals are:

Because the atoms of the added element are larger, they

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